Regular passage visitor and winter visitor.
A large (10 ½ -13 ½ inches) wader, the male Black-bellied Plover is most easily identified by its mottled gray back and crown, black underparts, and broad white stripe separating the two regions. The female Black-bellied Plover in summer is similar to the male, but is slightly paler, especially on the face. In winter, both sexes are paler overall, becoming mottled gray above and pale below. The Black-bellied Plover occurs across much of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, this species breeds in northern Alaska and northwestern Canada, wintering along the coasts from British Columbia and Massachusetts south to southern South America. In the Old World, the Black-bellied Plover breeds along the arctic coast of Russia, wintering south to Western and Southern Europe, South and Southeast Asia, and Australasia. Black-bellied Plovers breed on dry, sparsely-vegetated tundra habitats. In winter and on migration, this species utilizes a variety of coastal habitats, including sandy beaches, estuaries, and mudflats. Black-bellied Plovers primarily eat small invertebrates, including insects, earthworms, mollusks, and crustaceans. Due to its remote breeding range, many birdwatchers are only familiar with this species during the winter months. In suitable habitat, individuals may be seen foraging for food by probing the mud with their bills. This species is known to be territorial on its summer and winter ranges, but gathers in small flocks during migration. Black-bellied Plovers are primarily active during the day.
A large (10 ½ -13 ½ inches) wader, the male Black-bellied Plover is most easily identified by its mottled gray back and crown, black underparts, and broad white stripe separating the two regions. The female Black-bellied Plover in summer is similar to the male, but is slightly paler, especially on the face. In winter, both sexes are paler overall, becoming mottled gray above and pale below. The Black-bellied Plover occurs across much of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, this species breeds in northern Alaska and northwestern Canada, wintering along the coasts from British Columbia and Massachusetts south to southern South America. In the Old World, the Black-bellied Plover breeds along the arctic coast of Russia, wintering south to Western and Southern Europe, South and Southeast Asia, and Australasia. Black-bellied Plovers breed on dry, sparsely-vegetated tundra habitats. In winter and on migration, this species utilizes a variety of coastal habitats, including sandy beaches, estuaries, and mudflats. Black-bellied Plovers primarily eat small invertebrates, including insects, earthworms, mollusks, and crustaceans. Due to its remote breeding range, many birdwatchers are only familiar with this species during the winter months. In suitable habitat, individuals may be seen foraging for food by probing the mud with their bills. This species is known to be territorial on its summer and winter ranges, but gathers in small flocks during migration. Black-bellied Plovers are primarily active during the day.
The grey plover (Pluvialis squatarola), known as the black-bellied plover in North America, is a large cosmopolitan plover breeding in Arctic regions. It is a long-distance migrant, with a nearly worldwide coastal distribution when not breeding.[2]
The grey plover was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Tringa squatarola.[3] It is now placed with three other plovers in the genus Pluvialis that was introduced by the French onithologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760.[4][5] The genus name is Latin and means relating to rain, from pluvia, "rain". It was believed that they flocked when rain was imminent. The species name squatarola is a Latinised version of Sgatarola, a Venetian name for some kind of plover.[6]
The English common name used for this species differs in different parts of the world. It is generally known as "grey plover" in the Old World and "black-bellied plover" in the New World.[7]
Three subspecies are recognised:[5]
The grey plover is 27–30 cm (11–12 in) long with a wingspan of 71–83 cm (28–33 in) and a weight of 190–280 g (6.7–9.9 oz) (up to 345 g (12.2 oz) in preparation for migration). In spring and summer (late April or May to August), adults are spotted black and white on the back and wings. The face and neck are black with a white border; they have a black breast and belly and a white rump. The tail is white with black barring. The bill and legs are black. They moult to winter plumage in mid August to early September and retain this until April; this being a fairly plain grey above, with a grey-speckled breast and white belly. The juvenile and first-winter plumages, held by young birds from fledging until about one year old, are similar to the adult winter plumage but with the back feathers blacker with creamy white edging. In all plumages, the inner flanks and axillary feathers at the base of the underwing are black, a feature which readily distinguishes it from the other three Pluvialis species in flight. On the ground, it can also be told from the other Pluvialis species by its larger (24–34 mm, 0.94–1.34 in), heavier bill.[2][8]
Their breeding habitat is Arctic islands and coastal areas across the northern coasts of Alaska, Canada, and Russia. They nest on the ground in a dry open tundra with good visibility; the nest is a shallow gravel scrape. Four eggs (sometimes only three) are laid in early June, with an incubation period of 26–27 days; the chicks fledge when 35–45 days old.[2][8]
They migrate to winter in coastal areas throughout the world. In the New World they winter from southwest British Columbia and Massachusetts south to Argentina and Chile, in the western Old World from Ireland and southwestern Norway south throughout coastal Africa to South Africa, and in the eastern Old World, from southern Japan south throughout coastal southern Asia and Australia, with a few reaching New Zealand. Most of the migrants to Australia are female. It makes regular non-stop transcontinental flights over Asia, Europe, and North America, but is mostly a rare vagrant on the ground in the interior of continents, only landing occasionally if forced down by severe weather, or to feed on the coast-like shores of very large lakes such as the Great Lakes, where it is a common passage migrant.[2][8][9]
Young birds do not breed until two years old; they typically remain on the wintering grounds until their second summer.[2][8]
They forage for food on beaches and tidal flats, usually by sight. The food consists of small molluscs, polychaete worms, crustaceans, and insects. It is less gregarious than the other Pluvialis species, not forming dense feeding flocks, instead feeding widely dispersed over beaches, with birds well spaced apart. They will however form dense flocks on high tide roosts.[2][8]
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has judged that the threat to the grey plover is of "Least concern".[1] It is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.[10]
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Bird at Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India
Adult in winter plumage
Pluvialis squatarola egg
Bird in first-winter plumage; inset, in flight, showing the black axillaries and white rump and barred tail
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Grey plover in non-breeding plumage from Arnala, Virar, Maharashtra, India in February 2016 The grey plover (Pluvialis squatarola), known as the black-bellied plover in North America, is a large cosmopolitan plover breeding in Arctic regions. It is a long-distance migrant, with a nearly worldwide coastal distribution when not breeding.
