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Biology

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Like other reef-building corals, the polyps of Porites corals have microscopic algae (zooxanthellae) living within their tissues. Through photosynthesis, these symbiotic algae produce energy-rich molecules that the coral polyps can use as nutrition. In return, the coral provides the zooxanthellae with protection and access to sunlight (3). Porites colonies also commonly house a wide variety of other fauna (3). The majority of corals are hermaphrodite, and thus colonies possess both male and female reproductive organs. However, Porites corals have separate male and female colonies. With a few exceptions, fertilization is internal and therefore depends on free-swimming sperm from male colonies reaching the polyps of female colonies. The fertilised eggs then develop into larvae within the female polyp's body cavity (2). When released, the larvae settle quickly close to the parent colony. Whilst this means that, unlike spawning corals, the coral is not easily dispersed, brooding corals have the advantage of their young settling in an environment that has already proved suitable for successful reproduction (3). Most of the spherical and hemispherical Porites species are tolerant of sedimentary environments, partly because they protect themselves with a thick film of mucous (3).
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Conservation

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Porites corals are listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), which means that trade in this species should be carefully regulated (1). Indonesia and Fiji have export quotas for Porites corals (1). Porites corals will form part of the marine community in many marine protected areas (MPAs), which offer coral reefs a degree of protection, and there are many calls from non-governmental organisations for larger MPAs to ensure the persistence of these unique and fascinating ecosystems (4).
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Description

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Porites corals form some of the largest of all coral colonies, with some reaching an incredible eight metres in height (2). The growth rate of Porites coral is very slow, perhaps only nine millimetres a year, therefore these giant colonies may be up to 1,000 years old, putting them among the oldest life forms on earth (2). Coral colonies are composed of many individual coral polyps, which are basically anemone-like animals that secrete a skeleton. The many polyps of a colony are joined together at the base of their skeletons (3). The colonies of Porites corals may form flat, branching, spherical or hemispherical structures; some hemispherical colonies may be over five meters across (3). The coral polyps possess tentacles which, in most species, are extended only at night, when they give the coral a furry appearance (2).
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Habitat

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Porites corals can be found in a wide range of coral reef environments. Many Porites species are very common in shallow water, and most species are tolerant of areas where sediment accumulates (3).
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Range

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Occurs in tropical waters around the world (3).
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Status

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Listed on Appendix II of CITES (1).
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Threats

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Porites corals face the many threats that are impacting coral reefs globally. It is estimated that 20 percent of the world's coral reefs have already been effectively destroyed and show no immediate prospects of recovery, and 24 percent of the world's reefs are under imminent risk of collapse due to human pressures. These human impacts include poor land management practices that are releasing more sediment, nutrients and pollutants into the oceans and stressing the fragile reef ecosystem. Over fishing has 'knock-on' effects that results in the increase of macro-algae that can out-compete and smother corals, and fishing using destructive methods physically devastates the reef. A further potential threat is the increase of coral bleaching events, as a result of global climate change (4). The predatory starfish, Acanthaster planci, or 'crown-of-thorns starfish', feeds on a wide range of coral species. For little understood reasons, outbreaks of this starfish occur at regular intervals, and large numbers of starfish can have devastating effects on the reef. They can eat so much that they can kill most of the living coral in a region, which may take the reef up to fifteen years to fully recover (5). Due to the exceptionally slow growth rate of Porites corals, these species may not be able to fully recover in the time before the next starfish outbreak, and thus may be sent into a period of prolonged decline (6). An additional potential threat arises from collection for the coral trade. Porites is one of four genera that constitute the majority of the dead coral trade, for ornaments and jewellery. Live Porites are also collected at a lower level for the aquarium industry, and has previously been traded for biomedical purposes. This trade, which probably supplied a specialised market for the use of coral in bone grafts, peaked in 1992 but has since declined to extremely low levels (7).
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Porites ( German )

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Porites ist eine Gattung von Steinkorallen, die eine cirkumtropische Verbreitung hat. Sie kommen als sowohl in den Korallenriffen des tropischen Indopazifik und des Roten Meeres, in der Karibik und an der Küste Westafrikas vor. Damit ist sie eine der Steinkorallengattungen mit dem größten Verbreitungsgebiet.

Merkmale

 src=
Große Porites lobata- Kolonien in den Neva Shoals
 src=
Weihnachtsbaumwürmer in einer Porites

Es sind Tierkolonien, die aus vielen sehr kleinen Einzelpolypen bestehen. Das Wachstum der Porites-Kolonien ist sehr langsam, oft weniger als einen Zentimeter im Jahr. Da sie aber sehr alt werden, können sie sehr groß werden. Porites-Kolonien bilden meist sehr massive, runde krustenartige, säulenartige oder helmförmige Formen. Es gibt jedoch auch verzweigt wachsende Arten wie Porites cylindrica. Erreichen große Kolonien die Wasseroberfläche, stirbt der obere Teil der Kolonie ab und sie wächst seitlich weiter. Durch Erosion entwickelt sich mit der Zeit in der Mitte eine Mikroatoll genannte Grube im toten Korallenskelett, das von lebendem Gewebe umgeben ist. Porites-Arten sind von gelber, brauner oder grüner Färbung. Gelegentlich kommen auch violette, blaue oder rosa Töne vor. Sie werden oft durch den kommensalen Weihnachtsbaumwurm (Spirobranchus giganteus) besiedelt.

Alle Porites-Arten leben in einer Symbiose mit einzelligen, symbiotischen Algen (Zooxanthellen), von denen sie den Hauptteil der benötigten Nährstoffe beziehen. Porites-Kolonien sind Hermaphroditen (Zwitter).

Literatur

  • Erhardt/Moosleitner: Mergus Meerwasser-Atlas Band 2, Mergus-Verlag, Melle, 1997, ISBN 3-88244-112-7
  • Erhardt/Baensch: Mergus Meerwasser-Atlas Band 5, Mergus-Verlag, Melle, 2000, ISBN 3-88244-115-1
  • Julian Sprung: Korallen, Dähne Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-921684-87-0
  • S. A. Fosså, & A. J. Nilsen: Korallenriff-Aquarium. Band 4, Birgit Schmettkamp Verlag, ISBN 3-928819-05-4

Weblinks

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Porites: Brief Summary ( German )

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Porites ist eine Gattung von Steinkorallen, die eine cirkumtropische Verbreitung hat. Sie kommen als sowohl in den Korallenriffen des tropischen Indopazifik und des Roten Meeres, in der Karibik und an der Küste Westafrikas vor. Damit ist sie eine der Steinkorallengattungen mit dem größten Verbreitungsgebiet.

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Porites

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In intertidal reef-flat environments, massive Porites form characteristic microatoll formations, with living tissues around the perimeter, and dead skeleton on the exposed upper surface. Microatoll growth is predominantly lateral, as vertical growth is limited by a lack of accommodation space.[2]
Small colony of Porites porites

Porites is a genus of stony coral; they are small polyp stony (SPS) corals. They are characterised by a finger-like morphology. Members of this genus have widely spaced calices, a well-developed wall reticulum and are bilaterally symmetrical. Porites, particularly Porites lutea, often form microatolls.[3] Corals of the genus Porites also often serve as hosts for Christmas tree worms (Spirobranchus giganteus).

Aquarium trade

Specimens of Porites are sometimes available for purchase in the aquarium trade. Due to the strict water quality, lighting and dietary requirements, keeping Porites in captivity is very difficult.

Most Porites that are collected have Christmas tree worms (Spirobranchus giganteus) that bore into the coral, serving as additional aesthetic livestock. These particular Porites specimens are called "christmas tree worm rocks" or "christmas tree worm coral".

Paleoclimatology

Porites corals have been shown to be accurate and precise recorders of past marine surface conditions.[4] Measurements of the oxygen isotopic composition of the aragonitic skeleton of coral specimens indicate the sea-surface temperature conditions and the oxygen isotopic composition of the seawater at the time of growth.[5] The oxygen isotopic composition of seawater can indicate the precipitation/evaporation balance because oxygen atoms of the more abundant mass 16 will preferentially evaporate before the more rare mass 18 oxygen. The relationship between temperature, precipitation, and the oxygen isotopic composition of Porites corals is important for reconstructing past climates, and associated large-scale patterns such as the El-Nino Southern Oscillation, the Intertropical Convergence Zone, and the mean state of the climate system.

Ecology and biogeography

Corals in the genus Porites are found in reefs throughout the world. It is a dominant taxon on the Pandora platform of the Great Barrier Reef. Potts et al. (1985) identified 7 dominant species: P. lobata, P. solida, P. lutea, P. australiensis, P. mayeri, P. murrayensis, and P. anae. The oldest of six colonies in this reef was approximately 700 years old, and was estimated to be growing at 10.3 mm per year.[6]

Meyer and Schultz (1985) demonstrated that P. furcata has a mutualistic relationship with the schools of French and white grunts (Haemulon flavolineatum and H. plumierii) that rest in their heads during the day. The fish provide it with ammonium, nitrates, and phosphorus compounds. Coral heads with resting grunts experience significantly higher growth rates and nitrogen composition than those without.[7]

Representatives of this genus are found in both the Indo-Pacific and Caribbean basins.

Physiology

Some species in this genus demonstrate high levels of halotolerance. In the Gulf of Thailand P. lutea tolerates daily tidal shifts of 10-30‰ salinity. Moberg et al. (1997) determined that when the salinity declines, the symbiotic zooxanthellae decrease their photosynthesis rate as the coral contracts its polyps to protect them. The corals maintain their metabolic rate by temporarily switching to heterotrophy, consuming prey such as brine shrimp and other zooplankton.[8]

Porites growth rates can be determined by examining annual rings in their skeleton. This method was used to determine that P. astreoides grows its skeleton about the central axis by approximately 3.67mm/year, calcifies at approximately 0.55g/cm²/year, and increases density in this region of the body at approximately 1.69g/cm³/year.[9] Additionally, Meyer and Schultz (1985) reported that coral growth varies seasonally. They observed that P. furcata's growth rate peaked between May and August, which is summertime in their Caribbean habitat.[10]

Threats

Threats to corals in the genus Porites include predation, climate change, and anthropogenic pollution. When exposed to increased temperatures and copper, P. cylindrica slowed its rate of production. Additionally, the symbiotic zooxanthellae reduced their photosynthesis rate when exposed to both stressors.[11]

Done and Potts (1992) observed that when settled, larvae in Porites are vulnerable to competition from other corals and predation from sea urchins. Additionally, mortality likelihood increases following strong storms.[12]

Species

References

  1. ^ WoRMS (2018). "Porites Link, 1807". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  2. ^ van Woesik, R.; Golbuu, Y.; Roff, G. (2015). "Keep up or drown: adjustment of western Pacific coral reefs to sea-level rise in the 21st century". Royal Society Open Science. 2 (7): 150181. Bibcode:2015RSOS....250181V. doi:10.1098/rsos.150181. PMC 4632590. PMID 26587277.
  3. ^ Flora, C.J.; Ely P.S. (2003). "Surface Growth Rings of Porites lutea Microatolls Accurately Track Their Annual Growth" (PDF). Northwest Science. 77 (3): 237–245. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
  4. ^ Lough, Janice M. (2010). "Climate records from corals". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. 1 (3): 318–331. doi:10.1002/wcc.39. S2CID 130219508.
  5. ^ Thompson, D. M. (2011). "Comparison of observed and simulated tropical climate trends using a forward model of coralδ18O". Geophysical Research Letters. 38 (14): n/a. Bibcode:2011GeoRL..3814706T. doi:10.1029/2011GL048224.
  6. ^ Potts, D.C.; Done, T.J.; Isdale, P.J.; Fisk, D.A. (1985). "Dominance of a Coral Community in the Genus Porites Scleractinia". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 23 (1): 79–84. Bibcode:1985MEPS...23...79P. doi:10.3354/meps023079.
  7. ^ Meyer, J.L.; Schultz, E.T. (1985). "Tissue Condition and Growth Rate of Corals Associated with Schooling Fish". Limnol. Oceanogr. 30 (1): 157–166. Bibcode:1985LimOc..30..157M. doi:10.4319/lo.1985.30.1.0157.
  8. ^ Moberg, F.; Nystrom, M.; Kautsky, N.; Tedengren, M.; Jarayabhand, P. (1997). "Effects of reduced salinity on the rates of photosynthesis and respiration in the hermatypic corals Porites lutea and Pocillopora damicornis". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 157: 53–59. Bibcode:1997MEPS..157...53M. doi:10.3354/meps157053.
  9. ^ Elizalde-Rendon, E.M.; Horta-Puga, G.; Gonzalez-Diaz, P.; Carricart-Ganivet, J.P. (2010). "Growth characteristics of the reef-building coral Porites astreoides under different environmental conditions in the Western Atlantic". Coral Reefs. 29 (3): 607–614. Bibcode:2010CorRe..29..607E. doi:10.1007/s00338-010-0604-7. S2CID 20491507.
  10. ^ Meyer, J.L.; Schultz, E.T. (1985). "Tissue Condition and Growth Rate of Corals Associated with Schooling Fish". Limnol. Oceanogr. 30 (1): 157–166. Bibcode:1985LimOc..30..157M. doi:10.4319/lo.1985.30.1.0157.
  11. ^ Nystrom, M.; Nordemar, I.; Tedengren, M. (2001). "Simultaneous and sequential stress from increased temperature and copper on the metabolism of the hermatypic coral Porites cylindrica". Marine Biology. 138 (6): 1225–1231. doi:10.1007/s002270100549. S2CID 85015152.
  12. ^ Done, T.J.; Potts, D.C. (1992). "Influences of habitat and natural disturbances on contributions of massive Porites corals to reef communities". Marine Biology. 114 (3): 479–493. doi:10.1007/BF00350040. S2CID 83505538.
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Porites: Brief Summary

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In intertidal reef-flat environments, massive Porites form characteristic microatoll formations, with living tissues around the perimeter, and dead skeleton on the exposed upper surface. Microatoll growth is predominantly lateral, as vertical growth is limited by a lack of accommodation space. Small colony of Porites porites

Porites is a genus of stony coral; they are small polyp stony (SPS) corals. They are characterised by a finger-like morphology. Members of this genus have widely spaced calices, a well-developed wall reticulum and are bilaterally symmetrical. Porites, particularly Porites lutea, often form microatolls. Corals of the genus Porites also often serve as hosts for Christmas tree worms (Spirobranchus giganteus).

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Porites ( Spanish; Castilian )

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 src=
Porites lobata
 src=
Porites con gusanos Spirobranchus giganteus
 src=
Porites lobata con pólipos expandidos
 src=
Tridacna maxima en Porites nodifera
 src=
Porites lutea

El género de coral Porites pertenece a la familia Poritidae, del orden Scleractinia, clase Anthozoa.

Pertenece al grupo de los corales hermatípicos. Su esqueleto es macizo y está compuesto de carbonato cálcico. Tras la muerte del coral, su esqueleto contribuye a la generación de nuevos arrecifes en la naturaleza, debido a que la acción del CO2 convierte muy lentamente su esqueleto en bicarbonato cálcico, sustancia ésta asimilable directamente por las colonias coralinas.

Su nombre proviene del latín porus = poro e ites = sufijo que denota parecido.

Porites es el coral más común en casi todos los hábitats. También el que alcanza mayor tamaño con sus colonias, hasta más de 8 m de altura y 5 m de diámetro. Y alcanza otro récord más, se han localizado colonias con más de 1000 años de antigüedad.

Especies

El Registro Mundial de Especies Marinas reconoce las siguientes especies en el género:[1]

Morfología

Las colonias presentan diversas formas: incrustantes, nodulares, columnares, masivas, lobuladas o ramificadas. Mayoritariamente son de color amarillo o marrón claro, aunque también son verde, rosa, púrpura o azul. Los pólipos presentan unas células urticantes denominadas nematocistos, empleadas en la caza de presas de zooplancton.

Esqueleto ligero y poroso. Los coralitos a menudo son muy pequeños, de 0.5 a 2.2 mm de diámetro en sus cálices y están inmersos en la superficie del corallum, o esqueleto colonial. Tienen 12 septos, entre 4 y 8 lóbulos paliformes, y, normalmente, con columnela presente con gránulos estrellados.[2]

Los pólipos tienen 6 tentáculos, y normalmente sólo se expanden por la noche.[3]

Mensualmente, durante la luna llena, muda su tejido exterior para librarse de residuos y algas.

Alimentación

Contienen algas simbióticas, mutualistas (ambos organismos se benefician de la relación), llamadas zooxantelas. Las algas realizan la fotosíntesis produciendo oxígeno y azúcares, que son aprovechados por los pólipos, y se alimentan de los catabolitos del coral (especialmente fósforo y nitrógeno).[4]​ Esto les proporciona entre el 70 y el 95% de sus necesidades alimenticias. El resto lo obtienen atrapando plancton con sus tentáculos y materia orgánica disuelta en el agua.

Reproducción

Las colonias son macho o hembra. La colonia macho expele esperma que fertiliza externamente los huevos de la colonia hembra, al unirse con ellos en la columna de agua. Los huevos permanecen a la deriva arrastrados por las corrientes varios días, más tarde se forma una larva plánula que cae al fondo, se adhiere a él y comienza su vida sésil, secretando carbonato cálcico para conformar un esqueleto individual, o coralito. Posteriormente se reproducen por gemación, dando origen a la colonia, y al esqueleto colonial, denominado coenosteum o corallum.

También se reproducen por fragmentación, cuando, debido a las tormentas principalmente, se rompen fragmentos de las colonias, que son desplazados y, posteriormente, se desarrollan en nuevas colonias, mediante gemación. Se ha documentado que la especie de pez Pseudobalistes naufragium, suele alimentarse en colonias de Porites lobata, produciendo fragmentaciones en las colonias, cuyos restos conforman posteriormente nuevas colonias.[5]

Hábitat y distribución

Su distribución geográfica comprende todos las zonas tropicales del planeta. Preferentemente en áreas de buena corriente. Coloniza todos los entornos del arrecife: lagunas protegidas, zonas intermareales, frente externo, laderas y sustratos arenosos. Profundidad de 0 a 50 m, aunque se reportan localizaciones hasta 109 metros, y en un rango de temperatura entre 19.81 y 29.29 °C.[6]

Mantenimiento

Los Porites no son fáciles de aclimatar, pero una vez conseguido son especies resistentes. Requieren buena iluminación y corriente de moderada a fuerte.

Galería

Referencias

  1. Hoeksema, B. (2014). Porites Link, 1807. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=206485 Consultado el 9 de noviembre de 2014.
  2. Kitano, Y. F.; Benzoni, F.; Arrigoni, R.; Shirayama, Y.; Wallace, C. C.; Fukami, H. (2014). A Phylogeny of the Family Poritidae (Cnidaria, Scleractinia) Based on Molecular and Morphological Analyses. (9(5): e98406. edición). PLoS ONE., disponible online en [1]
  3. Veron, J.E.N. 1986. (en inglés) Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. Australian Institute of Marine Science.
  4. Debelius, Heimut y Baensch, Hans A. (1998-2006) Atlas Marino. Mergus.
  5. Cortes, J. and Guzman, H. (1998) Organisms from coral reefs of Costa Rica: Description, geographical distribution and natural history of Pacific zooxanthellate corals (Anthozoa: Scleractinia). Revista de Biologia Tropical 46(1): 55-92.
  6. «Ocean Biogeographic Information System». obis.org. Consultado el 7 de febrero de 2019.

Bibliografía

  • Sprung,Julian y Delbeek, J.Charles (1997). The Reef Aquarium (en inglés). Ricordea Publishing.
  • Debelius, Helmut y Baensch, Hans A. (1998-2006.). Atlas Marino. Mergus.
  • Borneman, Eric H. (2001-2009). Aquarium corals: selection, husbandry and natural history (en inglés). Microcosm. T.F.H.
  • Gosliner, Behrens & Williams. 1996. (en inglés) Coral Reef Animals of the Indo-Pacific. Sea Challengers Publishers.
  • Veron, J.E.N. 1986. (en inglés) Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. Australian Institute of Marine Science.

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Porites: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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 src= Porites lobata  src= Porites con gusanos Spirobranchus giganteus  src= Porites lobata con pólipos expandidos  src= Tridacna maxima en Porites nodifera  src= Porites lutea

El género de coral Porites pertenece a la familia Poritidae, del orden Scleractinia, clase Anthozoa.

Pertenece al grupo de los corales hermatípicos. Su esqueleto es macizo y está compuesto de carbonato cálcico. Tras la muerte del coral, su esqueleto contribuye a la generación de nuevos arrecifes en la naturaleza, debido a que la acción del CO2 convierte muy lentamente su esqueleto en bicarbonato cálcico, sustancia ésta asimilable directamente por las colonias coralinas.

Su nombre proviene del latín porus = poro e ites = sufijo que denota parecido.

Porites es el coral más común en casi todos los hábitats. También el que alcanza mayor tamaño con sus colonias, hasta más de 8 m de altura y 5 m de diámetro. Y alcanza otro récord más, se han localizado colonias con más de 1000 años de antigüedad.

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Porites ( French )

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Porites est le nom d'un genre de coraux massifs, souvent caractérisé par des digitations (forme évoquant des doigts).

Certains Porites forment des blocs extrêmement solides et compacts : ce sont des organismes dits « bioconstructeurs » qui participent à la construction des récifs biogènes.

Répartition

On trouve les porites dans les eaux tropicales chaudes de la Mer Rouge, du bassin Indo-Pacifique tropical, des Caraïbes et de l’Atlantique tropical.

Description

 src=
Un bénitier (Tridacna maxima) dans un Porites nodifera.
 src=
Gros plan sur les polypes d'un Porites asteroides.
 src=
Un Porites en Floride.

Ce sont généralement des coraux extrêmement compacts et solides, à croissance lente et à durée de vie longue. Ils sont considérés comme plus résistants aux prédateurs (poissons perroquets, étoiles de mer corallivores...) que les coraux à croissance rapide, et abritent souvent de nombreux symbiotes (vers tubicoles, bénitiers, huîtres corallicoles...). Ils constituent donc un élément à la fois central et fragile des écosystèmes coralliens.

En outre, la solidité de leur squelette fait qu'à leur mort, leur corps ne se désagrège pas mais forme un nouveau substrat dur sur lequel de nombreux autres organismes pourront élire domicile : ils constituent ainsi des briques essentielles à la formation d'un récif de corail, où ils font partie des principales espèces fondatrices.

Les colonies de porites peuvent être encroûtantes, aplaties (foliacées), ramifiées ou massives en forme de dôme. Les colonies en forme de dôme peuvent atteindre 8 m de hauteur et être âgées de près de 1000 ans.

Alimentation

La principale source de son alimentation vient de sa symbiose avec les zooxanthelles. La source secondaire de son alimentation, c'est, comme tous les cnidaires, le plancton qu'il attrape avec ses tentacules urticantes[1].

Liste sous-taxons

Selon World Register of Marine Species (31 janvier 2014)[2] : ...

Selon ITIS (31 janvier 2014)[3] :

Voir aussi

Notes et références
  1. Muséum Aquarium de Nancy, « Porites », sur especeaquatique.museumaquariumdenancy.eu (consulté le 24 février 2021)
  2. World Register of Marine Species, consulté le 31 janvier 2014
  3. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), www.itis.gov, CC0 https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK, consulté le 31 janvier 2014

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Porites: Brief Summary ( French )

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Porites est le nom d'un genre de coraux massifs, souvent caractérisé par des digitations (forme évoquant des doigts).

Certains Porites forment des blocs extrêmement solides et compacts : ce sont des organismes dits « bioconstructeurs » qui participent à la construction des récifs biogènes.

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Porites ( Italian )

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Porites Link, 1807 è un genere di madrepore della famiglia Poritidae.[1]

Tassonomia

Comprende le seguenti specie:[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Porites Link, 1807, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species). URL consultato il 25 maggio 2020.

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Porites: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Porites Link, 1807 è un genere di madrepore della famiglia Poritidae.

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Porites ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Porites is een geslacht van koralen uit de familie van de Poritidae.

Soorten

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Porites: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Porites is een geslacht van koralen uit de familie van de Poritidae.

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Поріт ( Ukrainian )

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  1. WoRMS (2010). Porites Link, 1807. World Register of Marine Species. Процитовано 2011-12-15.


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cc-by-sa-3.0
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original
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wikipedia UK

Поріт: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK
WoRMS (2010). Porites Link, 1807. World Register of Marine Species. Процитовано 2011-12-15.


license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
original
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wikipedia UK