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Description

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Snout pointed, projecting beyond mouth. Canthus obtuse, loreal oblique, more or less concave. Internarial space is longer than interorbital width, which is much less than width of the upper eyelid. Tympanum distinct, half to two third the diameter of eye. Fingers obtusely pointed, first longer than second, subarticular tubercles very prominent.Tibiotarsal articulation reaches tympanum or naris. Toes obtuse or with slightly swollen tips, half webbed, subarticular tubercles small and prominent. Body with small tubercles, sometimes small longitudinal folds are present, ventrum smooth except belly and thighs which are granular posteriorly. Male with loose gular region, with brown or blackish W-shaped mark, fore limbs stronger, with pad like subdigital tubercles under first finger. Snout-vent length 39-43 mm. Color: Gray brown or olive above, sometimes suffused with bright carmine; a V-shaped dark mark between eyes, a yellow vertebral stripe mostly present; lips and limbs barred, a light line along calf, thighs laterally yellow, marbled with black, ventrum white, throat is mottled with brown in male.Breeding is triggered by monsoon rains. Limnonectes limnocharis is one of thefirst amphibians to arrive at the calling sites. Calling males are widely spacedfrom each other and generally stationed close to the stream of flowing water.The call is characteristic "Ta, ta, ta, ta", repeated rapidly several times.For references in the text, see here

Reference

Prakash, S. (1988). Genetic studies on Rana limnocharis. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.

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Distribution and Habitat

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Distribution: This species is mainly distributed in the sub-Himalayan parts of Pakistan, descending into the waters of Potwar Tableland to most of the Punjab plains and some of the lower Indus valley where it is scarcer. It ranges from Japan to Pakistan.
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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Natural history notes: Limnonectes limnocharis is most common and widely distributed species in the waters of neighboring Azad Kashmir, alpine Pakistan and extends into Potwar Tableland, descending into most of the riparion Punjab. The frog frequents marginal vegetation along canals, streams, torrents, ponds and puddles, when disturbed it leaps in water to swim back at once. Breeding is triggered by monsoon rains. Limnonectes limnocharis is one of the first amphibians to arrive at the calling sites. Calling males are widely spaced from each other and generally stationed close to the stream of flowing water. The call is characteristic "Ta, ta, ta, ta", repeated rapidly several times. Egg are medium sized, enclosed in double jelly capsule, laid in batches, they adhere to the grass blades. Karyotype number recorded for this species is 26 (Prakash, 1988).Tadpole: Delicate, has long oval body, which is broadest and deepest at middle. Ventrum convex, anterior half of the body flexed forwards upwards. The eyes are dorsolateral in position, nearer to snout than vent. Tail is long, about twice the length of body, gradually tapering , acutely pointed, dorsal fin is broadest at middle, ventral fin runs parallel to the tail. The anteroventral oral disc has anterior labium broader than posterior, the papillae are lateral, short and thick. A complete preoral denticle row is followed by medially widely interrupted second row. Of the three postoral rows, the outer most is the smallest. Labial tooth row formula is 2(2)/3. A tooth consists of three similar 0.4-0.5 mm long dental pieces, lying on each other, crown of each piece is with 5-6 sharp fine cirrations. The beak is delicate, broadly arched, is finely serrated. Total length 26-27, tail 11-11.5 mm.
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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Pollution by pesticides and chemical used on crops,Falls prey at tadpole and adult stage to water visiting birds, fishes and snakes.
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Relation to Humans

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Common in peddy fields and wetlands in the upper Indus Valley.
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Fejervarya limnocharis

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Fejervarya limnocharis is a species of frog found in South East Asia and parts of Indochina. It is known under many common names, including Boie's wart frog, rice field frog, and Asian grass frog. Molecular studies of the species complex (after Boulenger)[2] suggest that there may be multiple species involved.[3][4]

looks

Snout pointed, sliding beyond mouth. Canthus obtuse, loreal oblique, more or less concave. Internarial space is longer than interorbital width, which is much less than width of the upper eyelid. Tympanum distinct, half to twothirds the diameter of eye. Fingers obtusely pointed, first longer than second, subarticular tubercles very prominent. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches tympanum or naris. Toes obtuse or with slightly swollen tips, half webbed, subarticular tubercles small and prominent. Body with small tubercles, sometimes small longitudinal folds are present, ventrum smooth except belly and thighs which are granular posteriorly. Male with loose gular region, with brown or blackish W-shaped mark, fore limbs stronger, with pad like subdigital tubercles under first finger. Snout-vent length 39–43 mm.

Color: Gray brown or olive above, sometimes suffused with bright carmine; a V-shaped dark mark between eyes, a yellow vertebral stripe mostly present; lips and limbs barred, a light line along calf, thighs laterally yellow, marbled with black, ventrum white, throat is mottled with brown in male.

The species forms a complex with several genetic variants that may represent multiple species.[5][6]

Rana limnocharis 2 sal.jpg

Distribution

A species inhabiting parts of South East Asia and Indochina.

Earlier, due to misidentification, this species was erroneously and extralimitally reported from South Asia but later have been found to be in error. According to the Amphibian Species of the World, records outside Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and india are almost certainly representing other species.[3]

Fejervarya limnocharis is one of the few frog species commonly found in tea plantations in Malaysia, in addition to Microhyla heymonsi and Hylarana erythraea.[7]

Consumption

Fejervarya limnocharis is commonly sold as food in Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia. In Cambodia, it is frequently collected for human consumption, along with Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, Glyphoglossus molossus, Kaloula pulchra, Duttaphrynus melanostictus, and Pelophylax lateralis (with P. lateralis found only north of the Mekong River in localities such as Snuol District, Kratie Province).[8]

References

  1. ^ Peter Paul van Dijk; Djoko Iskandar; Robert Inger; Michael Wai Neng Lau; Zhao Ermi; Geng Baorong; Sushil Dutta; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Sabitry Bordoloi; et al. (2009). "Fejervarya limnocharis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2013.old-form url
  2. ^ Boulenger, G. A. (1920). "A monograph of the South Asian, Papuan, Melanesian and Australian frogs of the genus Rana". Records of the Indian Museum. 20: 1–226.
  3. ^ a b Frost, Darrel R. (2013). "Fejervarya limnocharis (Gravenhorst, 1829)". Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  4. ^ Veith, M.; J. Kosuch; A. Ohler & A. Dubois (2001). "Systematics of Fejervarya limnocharis (Gravenhorst, 1829) (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) and related species. 2. Morphological and molecular variation in frogs from the Greater Sunda Islands (Sumatra, Java, Borneo) with the definition of two species". Alytes. Paris (19): 5–28.
  5. ^ M Kotaki, A Kurabayashi, M Matsui, W Khonsue, TH Djong, M Tandon, M Sumida (2008) Genetic Divergences and Phylogenetic Relationships Among the Fejervarya limnocharis Complex in Thailand and Neighboring Countries Revealed by Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genes. Zoolog Sci 25: 381-90.
  6. ^ Mohammed Mafizul Islam, Md Mukhlesur Rahman Khan, Djong Hon Tjong, Mohammad Shafiqul Alam, Masayuki Sumida (2008) Genetic Differentiation of the Fejervarya limnocharis Complex from Bangladesh and Other Asian Countries Elucidated by Allozyme Analyses. Zoolog Sci. 25(3):261-72
  7. ^ Faruk A, Belabut D, Ahmad N, Knell RJ, Garner TW (2013). "Effects of oil-palm plantations on diversity of tropical anurans". Conserv Biol. 27 (3): 615–24. doi:10.1111/cobi.12062. PMID 23692022. S2CID 24234524.
  8. ^ An Investigation into Frog Consumption and Trade in Cambodia

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Fejervarya limnocharis: Brief Summary

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Fejervarya limnocharis is a species of frog found in South East Asia and parts of Indochina. It is known under many common names, including Boie's wart frog, rice field frog, and Asian grass frog. Molecular studies of the species complex (after Boulenger) suggest that there may be multiple species involved.

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