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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 16.7 years (captivity) Observations: One captive specimen lived 16.7 years (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Untitled

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Due to their small size, these creatures are hunted by various carnivores such as large snakes, birds, reptiles and cats.

They are known as "living fossils" because they have changed little in 30 million years.

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Lutz, H. 2001. "Tragulus napu" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragulus_napu.html
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Heather Lutz, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Lutz, H. 2001. "Tragulus napu" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragulus_napu.html
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Heather Lutz, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Conservation Status

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The subspecies Tragulus napu nigricans is listed with the IUCN as endangered. This subspecies is found on Balabac Island southwest of the Philippines. Otherwise, these animals are threatened because of over-hunting and habitat loss through deforestation.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Lutz, H. 2001. "Tragulus napu" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragulus_napu.html
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Heather Lutz, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Larger Malay Mouse Deer are often used as a source of food for native people. They also make good pets, for they are easily tamed.

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Lutz, H. 2001. "Tragulus napu" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragulus_napu.html
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Heather Lutz, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy

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The larger Malay Mouse Deer has a diet of fallen fruit and berries, aquatic plants, leaves, buds, shrubs and grasses.

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Lutz, H. 2001. "Tragulus napu" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragulus_napu.html
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Heather Lutz, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution

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Larger Malay Mouse Deer are located in Thailand, Indochina, Sri Lanka, the Malayan Penninsula, and the islands of Sumatra and Borneo.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )

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Lutz, H. 2001. "Tragulus napu" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragulus_napu.html
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Heather Lutz, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat

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These animals always live close to water and prefer to be in the undergrowth of dense forests.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest

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Lutz, H. 2001. "Tragulus napu" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragulus_napu.html
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Heather Lutz, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Expectancy

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Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
14.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
14.0 years.

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Lutz, H. 2001. "Tragulus napu" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragulus_napu.html
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Heather Lutz, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology

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This mouse deer, first described by F. Cuvier in 1822, is one of the smallest living hoofed mammals, along with the other three species in this genus. This ungulate has a small, triangular head with a small pointed black nose and large eyes. Approximately the size of a rabbit, they have very long and thin legs and a rounded body. The color is orange-brown with white under the stomach, chest and chin. These ungulates do not have any horns or antlers although the males have small tusks (elongated canines) in their upper jaw. When standing, their hind end is higher than their front quarter. Some measurements of the Mouse Deer is that their body length is 70-75 cm, their shoulder height is 30-35 cm and their tail length is 8-10 cm.

Range mass: 5 to 8 kg.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

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Lutz, H. 2001. "Tragulus napu" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragulus_napu.html
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Heather Lutz, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction

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The female spends most of her adult life pregnant. These animals breed year-round with a gestation period of 152 to 155 days and will breed again within a couple of hours after birth. Only one offspring is usually born at a time (twin births are very rare). The offspring are well-developed when born and are able to stand and be fully active 30 minutes after birth. These baby ungulates nurse while standing on three legs. They are weaned at two to three months of age and are sexually mature at four and a half months (living up to sixteen years in captivity).

Breeding season: These chevrotains breed throughout the year.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Range gestation period: 152 to 155 days.

Range weaning age: 8 to 12 weeks.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 4.5 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 4.5 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 373 g.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
135 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
137 days.

Parental Investment: precocial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female)

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Lutz, H. 2001. "Tragulus napu" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragulus_napu.html
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Heather Lutz, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Greater mouse-deer

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The greater mouse-deer, greater Malay chevrotain, or napu (Tragulus napu) is a species of even-toed ungulate in the family Tragulidae found in Sumatra, Borneo, and smaller Malaysian and Indonesian islands, and in southern Myanmar, southern Thailand, and peninsular Malaysia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical, moist, lowland forest.

Etymology

Tragos is Greek for "goat" and –ulus in Latin means "tiny". Napu is a local name, from Malay napuh. The name "mouse-deer" refers to its small size and does not imply that it is a true deer. It is called "greater" because it is larger than other Tragulus species.

Morphology

Greater mouse-deer at the Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, DC

The greater mouse-deer is an even-toed ungulate. Although very small for an ungulate, the greater mouse-deer is one of the largest members of its genus. It is rivalled in size by Williamson's mouse-deer. It weighs 5 to 8 kg (11 to 18 lb). Its head-and-body length is 70 to 75 cm (2.30 to 2.46 ft) and its tail length is 8 to 10 cm (3.1 to 3.9 in). Its shoulder height is about 30 to 35 cm (12 to 14 in) It has a small, triangular head with a small, pointed, black nose and large eyes. Its long legs are as thin as a pencil. The hind legs are visibly longer than the front legs. The body is rounded. The fur on the upper part of its body is grey-buff to orange-buff. On the sides, the fur is quite pale, but darker along the midline. It is white underneath, more specifically on the neck, stomach, chest, and chin. The male has neither horns nor antlers, but has small "tusks" – elongated canines in the upper jaws.

Distribution

Greater mouse-deer are found in Sumatra, Borneo, and smaller Malaysian and Indonesian islands, and in southern Myanmar, southern Thailand, and peninsular Malaysia. They live near water, in tropical forests and mangrove thickets. Thought to be regionally extinct in Singapore, they were rediscovered on an offshore island in 2008.[2][3] Reports of its occurrence elsewhere are probably incorrect.[2] They are terrestrial, but spend time in wet, swampy areas.

Behaviour

The greater mouse-deer is solitary and nocturnal. It uses small trails through thick brush in the forest. When the male is ready to mate, he rubs a large gland on his lower jaw against the female to determine whether she is ready to mate. If she is not ready, she responds by walking away. The male is very territorial, marking his territory with feces, urine, and secretions from the intermandibular gland under the chin. When angry, the male beats the ground with his hooves at a rate of four times per second.

They are rather trusting but delicate animals. They feed on fallen fruits, aquatic plants, buds, leaves, shrubs and grasses.

Reproduction

Greater mouse-deer breed throughout the year; the female spends most of her adult life pregnant. They usually produce one young per birth, after a gestation of 152–155 days. Newborn animals are well-developed and immediately able to stand; they are fully active after 30 minutes. The young stand on three legs while nursing. Both male and female become mature at age 4½ months. Their lifespan is up to 14 years.

Conservation status

The major threats to T. napu are overhunting by humans and loss of habitat[2] through rapid deforestation.

References

  1. ^ Grubb, P. (2005). "Tragulus napu". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 650. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b c d Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J.W. (2015). "Tragulus napu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41781A61978315. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41781A61978315.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  3. ^ Chua, M.; N. Sivasothi; Teo. R (2009). "Rediscovery of the greater mousedeer (Tragulus napu) (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Tragulidae) in Pulau Ubin, Singapore" (PDF). Nature in Singapore. 2: 373–378.
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Greater mouse-deer: Brief Summary

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The greater mouse-deer, greater Malay chevrotain, or napu (Tragulus napu) is a species of even-toed ungulate in the family Tragulidae found in Sumatra, Borneo, and smaller Malaysian and Indonesian islands, and in southern Myanmar, southern Thailand, and peninsular Malaysia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical, moist, lowland forest.

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