Lycorma is a genus of planthoppers native to Asia. The first species within the genus was described by Frederick William Hope in 1843 and the genus was formally established by Carl Stål in 1863.
L. delicatula, known as the spotted lanternfly, is an invasive species in the United States, Japan, and South Korea.
Discovery and taxonomy
The genus Lycorma is in the planthopper family Fulgoridae, subfamily Aphaeninae. Species within this genus are native to Asia.[1][2] Frederick William Hope, in 1843, described Lystra punicea (now a subspecies of L. imperialis), the first named species of the clade.[3] In 1845, Adam White classified two new species under the genus Aphaena, Aphaena imperialis and Aphaena delicatula.[4][3] White described the species as similar to Aphaena variegata, another planthopper species native to Asia, and referenced prior descriptions by George Tradescant Lay in his initial classification of the lanternflies.[4]
Between 1846 and 1863, the species was reclassified by both John O. Westwood and Francis Walker. In 1863, the genus Lycorma was formally established by Carl Stål, with Lycorma imperialis designated as the type species.[5][6] In 1929, Masayo Kato described two additional Lycorma species in Taiwan: L. meliae and L. olivacea.[6] Additional reclassifications and renamings of subspecies occurred through the work of Edwin Felix Thomas Atkinson, William Lucas Distant, and Robert L. Metcalf, and presently four species and three subspecies are recognized by most authorities.[6]
The name Lycorma derives from the Latin lyc/lyco, meaning "lamp".[7] Members of this genus are often referred to colloquially as "lanternfly" or "lantern bug" due to their brightly colored hind wings.[8][9][10] L. delicatula (often called the spotted lanternfly) has received a number of different colloquial names because it is invasive in South Korea, the United States, and Japan.[11][12]
Species
Fulgoromorpha Lists on the Web[6] and the Catalogue of Life[2] list the following:
Distribution and evolution
Native range
The genus Lycorma is originally native to parts of China, Taiwan, Bangladesh, and India.[3][6] Surveys in the 1930s found that L. delicatula is native to China's northern provinces of Shanxi, Shandong and Hebei, and has been used in traditional Chinese medicine since the 1100s.[13][14] As of 2020, it has expanded its range to include Anhui, Beijing, Guangdong, Henan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang.[13][14] L. delicatula has also been reported in Taiwan, Vietnam, and India, but ongoing research has yet to conclude if the species is native to these regions.[15] L. imperialis is native to China, Bangladesh, and India, specifically the Assam, Darjeeling, and Sikkim regions.[16][3] L. meliae and L. olivacea are native solely to Taiwan.[6]
Phylogeny
The following cladogram shows the phylogenetic position of Lycorma among select genera of the Fulgoridae family:[17]
Fulgoridae Pyrops
Aphaena
Lycorma
Accidental introduction
In 2006, L. delicatula was discovered to have invasively spread to South Korea.[18] In 2009, L. delicatula was discovered in Japan,[19] and in 2014, the species was discovered in the United States.[20] Research has indicated that L. delicatula may have previously entered Japan sporadically since the 1930s, but only achieved a stable population in the early 2000s.[15] It is believed that L. delicatula entered these countries via egg masses that were laid on exported goods.[21] Currently, these countries have implemented pest control efforts which have sought to limit population growth and spread, due to the threat L. delicatula poses to global agricultural industries.[22]
References
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^ Barringer, Lawrence (17 December 2021). "Lycorma delicatula (spotted lanternfly)". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
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^ a b Roskov Y.; Kunze T.; Orrell T.; Abucay L.; Paglinawan L.; Culham A.; Bailly N.; Kirk P.; Bourgoin T.; Baillargeon G.; Decock W.; De Wever A. (2011). Didžiulis V. (ed.). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist". Species 2000: Reading, UK. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
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^ a b c d "Genus Lycorma Stal, 1863 | Planthoppers of North America". University of Delaware. n.d. Retrieved 2022-01-29.
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^ a b White, Adam (1845). "Descriptions of a new genus and some new species of homopterous insects from the East in the collection of the British Museum". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 15 (95): 34–37. doi:10.1080/037454809495244.
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^ Stål C (1863) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Fulgoriden. Entomologische Zeitung. Herausgegeben von dem entomologischen Vereine zu Stettin. 24: 230-251 [232].
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^ a b c d e f Bourgoin T: Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web (FLOW): Lycorma (retrieved 26 April 2020)
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^ Gagnon, Jennifer (Spring 2016). "You Ain't From Around Here! Exotic Invasive of the Quarter: Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula)" (PDF). Virginia Forest Landowner. 30 (2).
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^ Cox, Art. "The spotted lanternfly — yet another beautiful new pest". The Journal. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
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^ "The Fascinating Life of Lantern Bugs". Natural History Curiosities. 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
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^ Burrows, M.; Ghosh, A.; Sutton, G. P.; Yeshwanth, H. M.; Rogers, S. M.; Sane, S. P. (2021-12-09). "Jumping in lantern bugs (Hemiptera, Fulgoridae)". Journal of Experimental Biology. 224 (23): jeb243361. doi:10.1242/jeb.243361. ISSN 0022-0949. PMC 8714067. PMID 34755862.
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^ Dara, Surendra K.; Barringer, Lawrence; Steven P., Arthurs (2015). "Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae): A New Invasive Pest in the United States". Journal of Integrated Pest Management. 6 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1093/jipm/pmv021.
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^ Han, Jung Min; Kim, Hyojoong; Lim, Eun Ji; Lee, Seunghwan; Kwon, Yong-Jung; Cho, Soowon (2008). "Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoridae: Aphaeninae) finally, but suddenly arrived in Korea" (PDF). Entomological Research. 38 (4): 281–296. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5967.2008.00188.x. S2CID 86593102.
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^ a b Western Farm Press (10 November 2014). "Spotted lanternfly – a new threat to grapes, stone fruit?". Western Farm Press. Penton Agriculture Market.
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^ a b Wang, Rong-Rong; Liu, Jia-Jia; Li, Xin-Yu; Liang, Ai-Ping; Bourgoin, Thierry (27 March 2018). "Relating antennal sensilla diversity and possible species behaviour in the planthopper pest Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae)". PLOS One. 13 (3): e0194995. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1394995W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194995. PMC 5871016. PMID 29584780.
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^ a b Burne, Allan (17 March 2020). "Pest risk assessment: Lycorma delicatula (Spotted lanternfly)". Biosecurity New Zealand. ISBN 978-1-99-001754-4.
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^ "Pest Risk Analysis for Lycorma delicatula" (PDF). European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2022.
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^ "Figure 5". Scientific Reports.
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^ Gill, Chuck (17 November 2014). "Entomologists hope vigilance, research stop newly discovered spotted lanternfly". phys.org. Science X network.
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^ Mauchline, C.; McKenna, C. (2019). BS1847: Spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White 1845) review: biology, ecology and pest management with reference to kiwifruit. Plant & Food Research (Report).
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^ "Spotted Lanternfly". Penn State Extension. USDA. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
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^ Uyi, Osariyekemwen; Keller, Joseph A; Johnson, Anne; Long, David; Walsh, Brian; Hoover, Kelli (17 October 2020). Ranger, Christopher (ed.). "Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) can complete development and reproduce without access to the preferred host, Ailanthus altissima". Environmental Entomology. 49 (5): 1185–1190. doi:10.1093/ee/nvaa083. ISSN 0046-225X. PMID 32725170.
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^ Kime, Lynn F.; Harper, Jayson K.; Stone, William; Kelsey, Timothy W. (December 2019). Potential Economic Impact of the Spotted Lanternfly on Agriculture and Forestry in Pennsylvania (PDF) (Report). Pennsylvania State University.
