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Landplanarien ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE
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J. C. C. Loman (1890): Über neue Landplanarien von den Sunda-Inseln. In: M. Weber (Hrsg.): Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederländisch Ost-Indien, Band 1.

Die Landplanarien (Geoplanidae) sind eine Familie der zu den Plattwürmern gehörenden Strudelwürmer, die sich als Fleischfresser von verschiedenen Kleintieren ernähren. Sie sind vor allem in tropischen und subtropischen, aber auch gemäßigten und kälteren Regionen der Erde zu finden. Hier treten etliche als Neozoa auf und können massive Veränderungen in der lokalen bzw. endemischen Bodenökologie hervorrufen.[1] Es gibt mehr als 800 beschriebene Arten.

Merkmale

Sie zählen zu den Bilateria. Der – wie bei allen Strudelwürmern – blind endende Darm der Landplanarien verzweigt sich kurz hinter dem Mund in drei Hauptäste, weshalb die Landplanarien zu den Tricladida gezählt werden. Sie werden 1 bis 20 cm lang und sind oft hell gefärbt und gemustert.[2] Das Nervensystem der Landplanarien weist einen axillaren ventralen Plexus auf. Darüber hinaus besitzen die Landplanarien eine Kriechsohle mit Cilien und überwiegend cyanophilen (mit Wasserblau anfärbbaren) Schleimdrüsen. Die Tiere kriechen mithilfe der Cilien, durch Muskelaktion oder eine Kombination von beidem.[3]

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Schematische Darstellung des Nervensystems bei den Strudelwürmern (Turbellaria), auch Planarien

Im Gegensatz zu anderen Strudelwürmern sind die Landplanarien vollständig an ein Landleben angepasst. Sie verfügen über keinerlei wasserspeichernde Mechanismen und sind deshalb auf Feuchtigkeit in ihrem Mikrohabitat angewiesen. Andererseits meiden alle Landplanarien eine völlig nasse Umgebung. Sie treten in mesophilen bis xerophilen Habitaten von alpinen Staudenfluren bis sandigen Halbwüsten und tropischen Regenwäldern auf.[4] Landplanarien sind vornehmlich proterandrische Zwitter und pflanzen sich normalerweise geschlechtlich fort.

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Schematische Darstellung des Reproduktionssystems bei den Strudelwürmern (Turbellaria)
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Schematische Darstellung des Excretionssystems bei den Strudelwürmern (Turbellaria)

Beutespektrum und Fangmethoden

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Endeavouria septemlineata als Beute verschiedener anderer Landplanarien

Sämtliche Landplanarien fressen Fleisch, wobei die meisten Arten lebende Beute jagen, manche aber Aasfresser sind.[4] Zu den Beutetieren gehören unter anderem Insekten und ihre Larven, Tausendfüßer, Asseln, Regenwürmer, Schnecken und andere Plattwürmer.

Die Beutetiere werden in der Regel durch chemische Reize aufgespürt. Die festgehaltene Beute wird durch Enzyme, die über den ausgestülpten Pharynx ausgestoßen werden, vorverdaut und so getötet, das aufgelöste Gewebe sodann durch den Pharynx in den Darm gepumpt, wobei von der Beute oft nichts übrigbleibt.

Es gibt verschiedene Fangmethoden. Bipalium kewense und andere Bipalium-Arten greifen Regenwürmer an, indem sie diese durch Umfassen festhalten und in dieser Haltung außenverdauen. Ähnlich tun dies Arthurdendyus triangulatus und Platydemus manokwari mit ihren Beutetieren. Platydemus manokwari und Endeavouria septemlineata greifen beispielsweise Afrikanische Riesenschnecken in großen Gruppen an. Rhynchodemus sylvaticus fängt kleine Insekten mithilfe einer vergrößerten Kopfhaube, während die afrikanische Microplana termitophaga mit ihrem klebrigen Schleim Termitenarbeiter fängt, auf die sie in den Lüftungsschloten der Termitenbauten wartet.[5]

Verschiedene Landplanarienarten reduzieren die Beutepopulationen erheblich, was sich besonders bei neu eingeschleppten invasiven Arten bemerkbar macht, so etwa bei Arthurdendyus triangulatus an Regenwürmern in Großbritannien und Irland.[5] Platydemus manokwari wird gar mit dem Aussterben ganzer Schneckenarten im Pazifikraum in Zusammenhang gebracht.[6]

Feinde

Auf Grund ihres giftigen Schleimes und abstoßenden Geschmacks haben Landplanarien nur wenige Feinde und werden als Spitzenprädatoren eingeordnet. Von den meisten räuberischen Wirbeltieren werden sie verschmäht. Es gibt Berichte von Laufkäfern und Kurzflüglern, die Arthurdendyus triangulatus fressen. Auch die in Brasilien, Kolumbien und Uruguay lebende räuberische Schnecke Rectartemon depressus aus der Familie der Streptaxidae frisst – neben anderen Beutetieren – Landplanarien.[7][8] Auf Planarien spezialisiert ist die Mücke Planarivora insignis, deren Larven als Parasitoide den Plattwurm von innen auffressen.[9] Andererseits erbeutet die Landplanarie Platydemus manokwari umgekehrt sowohl räuberische Schnecken wie Euglandina rosea und Gonaxis quadrilateralis als auch Plattwürmer wie Bipalium kewense.[10]

Systematik

Die Landplanarien werden traditionell innerhalb der Tricladida als Terricola den Maricola (Marine Planarien), Cavernicola (Höhlenplanarien) und Paludicola (Süßwasserplanarien) gegenübergestellt.[4] Sluys et al. (2009) fassen dagegen die Süßwasser- und Landplanarien als Continenticola zusammen und stellen die Landplanarien im Rang der Familie Geoplanidae als Schwestergruppe den Dugesiidae in der Überfamilie Geoplanoidea zur Seite, während dieser die übrigen drei Süßwasserplanarien-Familien in der Überfamilie Planarioidea gegenüber stehen.[11]

Tricladida

Maricola



Cavernicola


Continenticola Planarioidea

Planariidae



Kenkiidae


Dendrocoelidae




Geoplanoidea

Dugesiidae


Geoplanidae






Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/Style

Die Landplanarien sind also von einer Unterordnung – oder Infraordnung – (Terricola) zu einer Familie (Geoplanidae) herabgestuft worden. Die Terricola (Landplanarien) werden auf Grund ihrer Morphologie traditionell in drei Familien unterteilt:[12][13]

  • Bipaliidae (Landplanarien mit einem hammerartig verbreiterten Kopf und zahlreichen Punktaugen)
  • Rhynchodemidae (Landplanarien ohne verbreiterten Kopf und mit einem Augenpaar), mit 2 Unterfamilien:
    • Rhynchodeminae (mit Längsmuskelfasern in großen Bündeln unter dem Epithel)
    • Microplaninae (mit schwächeren Längsmuskelfasern unter dem Epithel, nicht in Bündeln)
  • Geoplanidae (Landplanarien ohne verbreiterten Kopf und mit zahlreichen Punktaugen), mit 3 Unterfamilien:
    • Geoplaninae (mit dorsalen Hoden und kräftigen Längsmuskeln unter dem Epithel)
    • Caenoplaninae (mit ventralen Hoden und kräftigen Längsmuskeln unter dem Epithel)
    • Pelmatoplaninae (mit ventralen Hoden und schwächeren Längsmuskeln unter dem Epithel)

Neuere phylogenetische Analysen deuten darauf hin, dass die Rhynchodeminae und Microplaninae keine Schwestergruppen sind und die Caenoplaninae den Rhynchodeminae näher stehen als den Geoplaninae. Álvarez-Presas et al. (2008) teilen die Landplanarien (Geoplanidae im neuen, erweiterten Sinne) folgendermaßen ein:[14] Die früheren Unterfamilien Caenoplaninae und Pelmatoplaninae sind nunmehr als Tribus Caenoplanini und Pelmatoplanini in die Unterfamilie Rhynchodeminae gestellt.[15] Die bisher zur Süßwasserplanarien-Familie Dugesiidae gestellten Gattungen Spathula und Romankenkius werden von Álvarez-Presas als Schwestergruppe der Microplaninae in die Familie Geoplanidae gestellt.[14]

Geoplanoidea

Dugesiidae


Geoplanidae

Bipaliinae




Geoplaninae



Caenoplaninae


Rhynchodeminae





Microplaninae


(Spathula + Romankenkius)






Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/Style

Verbreitungsräume

Peerj-430-fig-1 Distribution map terrestrial flatworms.png Peerj-430-fig-2 Distribution map terrestrial flatworms.png

Die Tiere weisen ein großes Adaptationsvermögen auf, so dass sie biogeografisch ähnliche Habitate in unterschiedlichen Regionen, in denen also geeignete Lebensbedingungen vorherrschen, besetzen können.

Siehe auch

Literatur

  • Leigh Winsor, P. M. Johns, G. M. Yeates (1998): Introduction, and ecological and systematic background, to the Terricola (Tricladida). Pedobiologia 42(5-6), 389–404. PDF
  • Robert E. Ogren: Predation behaviour of land planarians. Hydrobiologia 305, (1995) S. 105–111. doi:10.1007/BF00036370.
  • R. Sluys, M. Kawakatsu, M. Riutort, J. Baguñà (2009). A new higher classification of planarian flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida). Journal of Natural History 43 (29–30), S. 1763–1777. doi:10.1080/00222930902741669.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Ronald Sluys: Invasion der Plattwürmer. Spektrum der Wissenschaft Mai 2017, S. 32
  2. Winsor et al. (1998), S. 1.
  3. Sluys et al. (2009), S. 1773.
  4. a b c Winsor et al. (1998), S. 9.
  5. a b Robert E. Ogren (1995), S. 1.
  6. David R. Hopper, Barry D. Smith (1992): Status of tree snails (Gastropoda: Partulidae) on Guam, with a resurvey of sites studied by H. E. Crampton in 1920. Pacific Science 46, S. 77–85. PDF
  7. V.S. Lemos, R. Canello, A.M. Leal-Zanchet (2012): Carnivore mollusks as natural enemies of invasive land flatworms. Annals of Applied Biology 161 (2), S. 127–131. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2012.00556.x
  8. Elisa von Groll: Hunter Snail - Rectartemon depressus. Abgerufen am 21. Oktober 2015.
  9. V. V. Hickman (1965): On Planarivora insignis gen. et sp. n. (Diptera: Mycetophilidae), whose larval stages are parasitic in land planarians. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 99, S. 1–9.
  10. Jean-Lou Justine, Leigh Winsor, Delphine Gey, Pierre Gros, Jessica Thévenot: The invasive New Guinea flatworm Platydemus manokwari in France, the first record for Europe: time for action is now.. In: PeerJ. 2, 2014, S. e297. doi:10.7717/peerj.297.
  11. Sluys et al. (2009), S. 1767.
  12. Robert E. Ogren, Masaharu Kawakatsu (1988): Index to the species of the family Rhynchodemidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part I: Rhynchodeminae. Bulletin of Fuji Women's College 26 (2), S. 39–91.
  13. Robert E. Ogren, Masaharu Kawakatsu (1991): Index to the species of the family Geoplanidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part II: Caenoplaninae and Pelmatoplaninae. Bulletin of Fuji Women's College 29 (2), S. 35–58.
  14. a b Marta Álvarez‐Presas, Jaume Baguñà & Marta Riutort: Molecular phylogeny of land and freshwater planarians (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes): From freshwater to land and back. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Band 47, Nr. 2, 2008, S. 555–568, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.032.
  15. Sluys et al. (2009), S. 1770.
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Landplanarien: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE
 src= J. C. C. Loman (1890): Über neue Landplanarien von den Sunda-Inseln. In: M. Weber (Hrsg.): Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederländisch Ost-Indien, Band 1.

Die Landplanarien (Geoplanidae) sind eine Familie der zu den Plattwürmern gehörenden Strudelwürmer, die sich als Fleischfresser von verschiedenen Kleintieren ernähren. Sie sind vor allem in tropischen und subtropischen, aber auch gemäßigten und kälteren Regionen der Erde zu finden. Hier treten etliche als Neozoa auf und können massive Veränderungen in der lokalen bzw. endemischen Bodenökologie hervorrufen. Es gibt mehr als 800 beschriebene Arten.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Geoplanidae

provided by wikipedia EN

Geoplanidae is a family of flatworms known commonly as land planarians or land flatworms.[2]

These flatworms are mainly predators of other invertebrates, which they hunt, attack and capture using physical force and the adhesive and digestive properties of their mucus.[3] They lack water-retaining mechanisms and are therefore very sensitive to humidity variations of their environment.[4]

Because of their strict ecological requirements, some species have been proposed as indicators of the conservation state of their habitats.[4][5] They are generally animals with low vagility (dispersal ability) and with very specific habitat requirements, so they can be also used to accurately determine the distribution of biogeographic realms. Today the fauna of these animals is being studied to select conservation priorities in the Atlantic rainforest in Brazil.[6]

At the other extreme, one species in this family, Platydemus manokwari has become an invasive species in both disturbed and wild habitats in the Pacific Islands, and has damaged the endemic land snail fauna. This species has been found in Europe (France) in 2013 for the first time,[7] and in 2015 in New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna Islands, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Puerto Rico (first record in the Caribbean), and Florida, USA.[8]

Description

Obama anthropophila is a land planarian with dull colors.
A colorful species of the subfamily Bipaliinae.

Land planarians are distinguished from their marine and freshwater relatives by their terrestrial habits, as well as by morphological distinctions. Some species have dull colors, including shades of brown and grey, that make them inconspicuous in their environment, but most species are marked by very colorful patterns.[9] At first they may be confused with slugs or leeches,[10] but they lack the anterior tentacles of slugs and the segmentation of leeches. Their size vary greatly, from a few millimeters in length to about one meter.[11][12][13]

The most distinguishing feature that characterizes land planarians is the presence of a creeping sole, a highly ciliated region on the ventral epidermis that helps them to creep over the substrate.[14] The creeping sole may be wide and flat, occupying most of the ventral surface, or narrow and pronounced, being easily distinguished from the rest of the ventral surface.[15]

Anatomy

Epidermis

The epidermis of land planarians is composed by a simple epithelium of cubic or columnar cells. The cells are ciliated only on a ventral region, called creeping sole, which the animal uses to glide over surfaces.[9] Numerous secretory cells open throughout the epidermis, the most characteristic ones being the rhabditogen cells, which produce a secretion in the form of small rod-like structures, the rhabdites. Rhabditogen cells are very numerous on the dorsal epidermis, but rare on the ventral side.[9]

Nervous system

The nervous system of land planarians has the longitudinal nerve cords reduced to one ventral pair that is located much deeper in the body than in other triclads. These ventral cords are usually connected by many comissures, so that they fuse into a single ventral nerve plate.[14] Additionally, land planarians have a highly developed ventral nerve plexus just below the epidermis that is probably associated to the presence of a creeping sole.[14]

Contrary to aquatic planarians, land planarians do not have a distinct brain, i.e., there is no clear frontal cluster of nerve cells other than the ventral nerve plate.[16]

Diversity

The family Geoplanidae is composed of seven subfamilies:[17]

Although there are over 830 known species of Geoplanidae in the world,[18] the diversity of land planarians is still poorly known. The highest diversity occurs in tropical forests in South America, Asia and Australia. Europe and North America are relatively species-poor, while the diversity of Africa may be as high as that of other tropical regions, but is highly understudied.[4]

Habitat

Polycladus gayi from the Valdivian rainforests of southern Chile

Most species of land planarians live at the soil of forests, especially in the leaf litter layer, but some may inhabit galleries constructed by other invertebrates or be found on vegetation, such as bromeliads.[19] Despite being sensitive to dehydration, some species are well adapted to considerably dry environments, such as savannas.[20]

During unfavorable conditions, such as dry seasons, land planarians tend to seek shelter by burrowing in the soil or building a cyst composed of soil particles united by mucus.[21]

Some species are well adapted to human-disturbed environments and many of those have been introduced in areas outside of their native range. In some localities, such as the United Kingdom, the number of introduced land planarian species greatly surpass the number of described native species.[22]

Feeding and predatory behavior

A group of land planarians of the species Endeavouria septemlineata feeding on a land snail, Bradybaena similaris

Land planarians are carnivorous and most species are active predators, but some are mainly scavengers.[23]

All planarians feed through a muscular and eversible pharynx located slightly posteriorly to the middle of the body length and opening through a ventral mouth. The pharynx is an extensible tube-like organ bearing a complex muscular coat. It specializes as a penetration organ for those planarians that feed on arthropods; or as a grasping organ for those planarians that feed on other soft bodied invertebrates such as earthworms. All geoplanidae pharynxes are equipped with glandular secretions that externally digest and dissolve their prey.[3]

As part of the soil ecosystem, land planarians feed mainly on other invertebrates, such as earthworms, snails, slugs, nemerteans, velvet worms, woodlice, millipedes, insects and arachnids.[24][25] Some may even feed on other land planarians.[26]

Some species of land planarians have become invasive pest species. The New Zealand flatworm Arthurdendyus triangulatus and the Australian flatworm Australoplana sanguinea alba have been introduced in the British Isles and are considered to be pest species because they prey upon earthworms and thus may negatively affect soil structure and fertility.[27][28] Another species, Platydemus manokwari, has been used as an agent of biological pest control of the introduced giant African snail Achatina fulica in Hawaii, the Maldives, Irian Jaya, and Guam, but has become an even worse pest and today threatens several native snail populations in the Pacific.[29]

Some land planarians show hunting behaviour, using chemical signals to detect their prey. Most land planarians have chemical sensory organs in the anterior part of the body, such as sensory pits and epidermal folds which serve as chemical radars for detecting their food. The mucus trails from the slime of slugs, snails and other planarians orient planarians towards their prey.[30][31] Different species use different techniques for capturing and immobilizing their prey, such as entrapment with sticky mucus and immobilization by physical force.[3][32]

Cannibalism has been observed in land planarians.

Phylogeny and systematics

Assorted land planarians from Southeast Asia

Until very recently, land planarians were classified as a suborder within Tricladida, named Terricola. However, recent phylogenetic studies revealed that they are actually the sister-group of Dugesiidae, a family of freshwater planarians (at that time part of the suborder Paludicola).[1] The most recent classification puts both land and freshwater planarians within a single suborder called Continenticola, with land planarians forming a single family, Geoplanidae.

The following phylogenetic supertree after Sluys et al., 2009[1] presents the current classification of planarians:

Tricladida

Maricola

Cavernicola

Continenticola Planarioidea

Planariidae

Kenkiidae

Dendrocoelidae

Geoplanoidea

Dugesiidae

Geoplanidae

In the former suborder Terricola, land planarians were separated into three families according to morphological features:[33][34]

  • Bipaliidae: head expanded in a spatula-like shape and multiple eyes;
  • Rhynchodemidae: non-expanded head and a single pair of eyes. It included two subfamilies: Rhynchodeminae, with subepithelial longitudinal muscular fibers grouped into large bundles, and Microplaninae, with weaker subepithelial longitudinal muscular fibers not forming bundles;
  • Geoplanidae: non-expanded head and multiple eyes. It included three subfamilies: Geoplaninae, with dorsal testicles and strong subepithelial longitudinal muscles, Caenoplaninae, with ventral testicles and strong subepithelial longitudinal muscles, and Pelmatoplaninae, with ventral testicles and weak subepithelial longitudinal muscles.

Recent phylogenetic analyses, however, revealed that Rhynchodeminae and Microplaninae are not closely related and that Caenoplaninae is closer to Rhynchodeminae than to Geoplaninae. The current classification of land planarian subfamilies is shown in the following phylogenetic tree after Álvarez-Presas et al., 2008.[35] The old subfamilies Caenoplaninae and Pelmatoplaninae have been included as tribes Caenoplanini and Pelmatoplanini inside Rhynchodeminae.[1] Note that Spathula and Romankenkius belong to the family Dugesiidae. Their relocation inside Geoplanidae needs further investigation.[35]

Geoplanoidea

Dugesiidae

Geoplanidae

Bipaliinae

Geoplaninae

Caenoplaninae

Rhynchodeminae

Microplaninae

(Spathula + Romankenkius)

Image gallery

References

  1. ^ a b c d Sluys, R.; Kawakatsu, M.; Riutort, M.; Baguñà, J. (2009). "A new higher classification of planarian flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)". Journal of Natural History. 43 (29–30): 1763–1777. doi:10.1080/00222930902741669. S2CID 85174457.
  2. ^ Winsor, L.; Johns, P. M.; Yeates, G. M. (1998). "Introduction, and ecological and systematic background, to the Terricola (Tricladida)". Pedobiologia. 42 (5–6): 389–404.
  3. ^ a b c Ogren, R. E. (1995). "Predation behaviour of land planarians". Hydrobiologia. 305 (1–3): 105–111. doi:10.1007/BF00036370. S2CID 31413150.
  4. ^ a b c Sluys, R. (1999). "Global diversity of land planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola): a new indicator-taxon in biodiversity and conservation studies". Biodiversity and Conservation. 8 (12): 1663–1681. doi:10.1023/A:1008994925673. S2CID 38784755.
  5. ^ Carbayo, F.; Leal-Zanchet, A. M.; Vieira, E. M. (2002). "Terrestrial flatworm (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Terricola) diversity versus man-induced disturbance in an ombrophilous forest in southern Brazil". Biodiversity and Conservation. 11 (6): 1091–1104. doi:10.1023/A:1015865005604. S2CID 5912963.
  6. ^ Álvarez-Presas, M.; Sánchez-Garcia, A.; Carbayo, F.; Rozas, J.; Riutort, M. (2014). "Insights into the origin and distribution of biodiversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest hot spot: a statistical phylogeographic study using a low-dispersal organism". Heredity. 112 (6): 656–665. doi:10.1038/hdy.2014.3. PMC 4023448. PMID 24549112.
  7. ^ Justine, Jean-Lou; Winsor, Leigh; Gey, Delphine; Gros, Pierre; Thévenot, Jessica (2014). "The invasive New Guinea flatworm Platydemus manokwari in France, the first record for Europe: time for action is now". PeerJ. 2: e297. doi:10.7717/peerj.297. PMC 3961122. PMID 24688873. open access
  8. ^ Justine, Jean-Lou; Winsor, Leigh; Barrière, Patrick; Fanai, Crispus; Gey, Delphine; Han, Andrew Wee Kien; La Quay-Velázquez, Giomara; Lee, Benjamin Paul Yi-Hann; Lefevre, Jean-Marc; Meyer, Jean-Yves; Philippart, David; Robinson, David G.; Thévenot, Jessica; Tsatsia, Francis (2015). "The invasive land planarian Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae): records from six new localities, including the first in the USA". PeerJ. 3: e1037. doi:10.7717/peerj.1037. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4485254. PMID 26131377. open access
  9. ^ a b c Seitenfus, Ana Lúcia Ramos; Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria (2004). "Uma introdução à morfologia e taxonomia de planárias terrestres (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola)". Acta Biologica Leopoldensia (in Portuguese). 26 (2): 187–202.
  10. ^ Schirch, P. F. (1929). "Sobre as planarias terrestres do Brasil". Boletim do Museu Nacional (in Portuguese). 5: 27–38.
  11. ^ Sluys, Ronald; Mateos, Eduardo; Riutort, Marta; Álvarez-presas, Marta (2016). "Towards a comprehensive, integrative analysis of the diversity of European microplaninid land flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Microplaninae), with the description of two peculiar new species". Systematics and Biodiversity. 14 (1): 9–31. doi:10.1080/14772000.2015.1103323. ISSN 1477-2000. S2CID 87583502.
  12. ^ Ball, Ian R.; Reynoldson, T. B. (1981). British Planarians. Platyhelminthes: Tricladida. Keys and notes for the identification of the species. Cambridge University Press.
  13. ^ Kawakatsu, Masaharu; Makino, Naoya; Shirasawa, Yasuko (1982). "Bipalium nobile sp.nov. (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola), a New Land Planarian from Tokyo". Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses. 55 (4): 236–262.
  14. ^ a b c Sluys, Ronald (1989). "Phylogenetic relationships of the triclads (Platyhelminthes, Seriata, Tricladida)". Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde. 59 (1): 3–25. doi:10.1163/26660644-05901001.
  15. ^ von Graff, Ludwig (1899). Monographie der Turbellarien. II. Tricladida Terricola (in German). Leipzig: Engelmann. p. 540.
  16. ^ Hyman, Libbie H. (1951). The invertebrates. II. Platyhelminthes and Rhynchocoela. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 550.
  17. ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Geoplanidae Stimpson, 1857". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  18. ^ Schockaert, E. R.; et al. (2008). "Global diversity of free living flatworms (Platyhelminthes, "Turbellaria") in freshwater" (PDF). Hydrobiologia. 595: 41–48. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9002-8. S2CID 21471933.
  19. ^ Beauchamp, P. (1913). "Planaires des Broméliacées de Costa Rica Recueillies par Mr C. Picado". Archives de Zoologie Paris (in French). 51: 41–52.
  20. ^ Cumming, Meg S. (1995). "Activity patterns of termite-eating land planariansMicroplana termitophaga(Platyhelminthes: Tricladida)". Journal of Zoology. 237 (4): 531–542. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1995.tb05013.x. ISSN 0952-8369.
  21. ^ Ogren, Robert E. (1955). "Ecological Observations on the Occurrence of Rhynchodemus, a Terrestrial Turbellarian". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 74 (1): 54–60. doi:10.2307/3223842. ISSN 0003-0023. JSTOR 3223842.
  22. ^ Jones, H.D.; Boag, B. (2007). "The distribution of New Zealand and Australian terrestrial flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria: Tricladida: Terricola) in the British Isles—the Scottish survey and MEGALAB WORMS". Journal of Natural History. 30 (7): 955–975. doi:10.1080/00222939600770511. ISSN 0022-2933.
  23. ^ McDonald, Jillian C.; Jones, Hugh D. (2007). "Abundance, reproduction, and feeding of three species of British terrestrial planarians: Observations over 4 years". Journal of Natural History. 41 (5–8): 293–312. doi:10.1080/00222930701219149. ISSN 0022-2933. S2CID 85830660.
  24. ^ Boll, Piter Kehoma; Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria (2014). "Predation on invasive land gastropods by a Neotropical land planarian". Journal of Natural History. 49 (17–18): 983–994. doi:10.1080/00222933.2014.981312. ISSN 0022-2933. S2CID 85280766.
  25. ^ Prasniski, Maria E. T.; Leal-Zanchet, Ana M. (2009). "Predatory behavior of the land flatworm Notogynaphallia abundans (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida)". Zoologia (Curitiba). 26 (4): 606–612. doi:10.1590/S1984-46702009005000011. ISSN 1984-4670.
  26. ^ Boll, Piter K.; Rossi, Ilana; Amaral, Silvana V.; Leal-Zanchet, Ana (2015). "A taste for exotic food: Neotropical land planarians feeding on an invasive flatworm". PeerJ. 3: e1307. doi:10.7717/peerj.1307. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4614845. PMID 26500817.
  27. ^ Santoro, Giulio; Jones, Hugh D. (2001). "Comparison of the earthworm population of a garden infested with the Australian land flatworm (Australoplana sanguinea alba) with that of a non-infested garden". Pedobiologia. 45 (4): 313–328. doi:10.1078/0031-4056-00089. ISSN 0031-4056.
  28. ^ Murchie, Archie K.; Gordon, Alan W. (2012). "The impact of the 'New Zealand flatworm', Arthurdendyus triangulatus, on earthworm populations in the field". Biological Invasions. 15 (3): 569–586. doi:10.1007/s10530-012-0309-7. ISSN 1387-3547. S2CID 7041377.
  29. ^ Sugiura, Shinji; Yamaura, Yuichi (2008). "Potential impacts of the invasive flatworm Platydemus manokwari on arboreal snails". Biological Invasions. 11 (3): 737–742. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9287-1. ISSN 1387-3547. S2CID 44641680.
  30. ^ Fiore, C.; Tull, J. L.; Zehner, S.; Ducey, P. K. (2004). "Tracking and predation on earthworms by the invasive terrestrial planarian Bipalium adventitium (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes)". Behavioural Processes. 67 (3): 327–334. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2004.06.001. PMID 15518983. S2CID 23159802.
  31. ^ Iwai, N.; Sugiura, S.; Chiba, S. (2010). "Prey-tracking behavior in the invasive terrestrial planarian Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)". Naturwissenschaften. 97 (11): 997–1002. Bibcode:2010NW.....97..997I. doi:10.1007/s00114-010-0717-4. PMID 20853096. S2CID 23021634.
  32. ^ Boll, Piter Kehoma; Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria (2014). "Predation on invasive land gastropods by a Neotropical land planarian". Journal of Natural History. 49 (17–18): 983–994. doi:10.1080/00222933.2014.981312. ISSN 0022-2933. S2CID 85280766.
  33. ^ Ogren, R. E.; Kawakatsu, M. (1988). "Index to the species of the family Rhynchodemidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part I: Rhynchodeminae". Bulletin of Fuji Women's College. 26 (2): 39–91.
  34. ^ Ogren, R. E.; Kawakatsu, M. (1991). "Index to the species of the family Geoplanidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part II: Caenoplaninae and Pelmatoplaninae". Bulletin of Fuji Women's College. 29 (2): 35–58.
  35. ^ a b Álvarez-Presas, M.; Baguñà, J.; Riutort, M. (2008). "Molecular phylogeny of land and freshwater planarians (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes): From freshwater to land and back". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (2): 555–568. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.032. PMID 18359250.

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Geoplanidae: Brief Summary

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Geoplanidae is a family of flatworms known commonly as land planarians or land flatworms.

These flatworms are mainly predators of other invertebrates, which they hunt, attack and capture using physical force and the adhesive and digestive properties of their mucus. They lack water-retaining mechanisms and are therefore very sensitive to humidity variations of their environment.

Because of their strict ecological requirements, some species have been proposed as indicators of the conservation state of their habitats. They are generally animals with low vagility (dispersal ability) and with very specific habitat requirements, so they can be also used to accurately determine the distribution of biogeographic realms. Today the fauna of these animals is being studied to select conservation priorities in the Atlantic rainforest in Brazil.

At the other extreme, one species in this family, Platydemus manokwari has become an invasive species in both disturbed and wild habitats in the Pacific Islands, and has damaged the endemic land snail fauna. This species has been found in Europe (France) in 2013 for the first time, and in 2015 in New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna Islands, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Puerto Rico (first record in the Caribbean), and Florida, USA.

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Geoplanidae ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los geoplánidos (Geoplanidae), denominadas comúnmente planarias terrestres, son una familia de platelmintos nocturnos del orden Tricladida. Sus especies poseen vida libre, no son parásitas, y habitan bajo rocas o entre la hojarasca de lugares húmedos, siendo más abundantes en algunas selvas de montaña. La mayoría de las especies poseen una longitud total comprendida entre los 2 cm y los 10 cm.[1]

Características

Las planarias terrestres tienen un cuerpo alargado y típicamente aplanado. Su boca está situada en el sector inferior de su húmedo cuerpo. Su coloración es variada, algunos son monocromáticos en tonos oscuros, otros exhiben patrones de líneas o bandas a lo largo de su cuerpo con colores contrastantes y llamativos: rojo, negro, blanco, amarillo, etc. Las longitudes máximas de las especies van normalmente desde algo menos de 10 mm a 100 mm, siendo excepcionales las que superan los 200 mm[1]​ y hasta los 600 mm en el caso de Bipalium kewense. Aunque no son moluscos, se parecen a las babosas, con las cuales no guardan ningún parentesco.

Se agrupan dentro de la clase Rhabditophora, que comprende animales de vida libre y hábitos, tanto terrestres como acuáticos, en ambientes de agua dulce y marinos. Rhabditophora a su vez se incluye entre los platelmintos (Platyhelminthes), el cual comprende muchas especies parásitas de interés médico y veterinario, como las tenias y duelas.[1]

 src=
Algunas planarias terrestres poseen colores vistosos; en la imagen: Pseudogeoplana reticulata.
 src=
Esta planaria terrestre es Polycladus gayi, originaria de la selva valdiviana del sur de Chile.
 src=
Esta planaria terrestre es Geoplana burmeisteri, originaria de la mata atlántica del sudeste de Brasil.

Costumbres

Las planarias terrestres son gusanos planos poco conocidos por el público en general. En los casos de encuentros con estos animales, a menudo suelen ser confundidos con sanguijuelas terrestres o babosas. También coadyuva para su desconocimiento su coloración frecuentemente críptica, sus hábitos ocultos por los que pasan inadvertidos, además de que sus costumbres son netamente nocturnas, en razón de que los rayos solares los desecan y matan rápidamente ya que no han desarrollado mecanismos para retener el agua de sus cuerpos. Por esta razón su hábitat suele ser sombrío y húmedo, encontrándose la mayor diversidad en selvas tropicales y subtropicales de todo el mundo.[1]

Durante el día se mantienen inactivos y ocultos entre la hojarasca, bajo rocas o troncos caídos, etc. Al llegar la noche abandonan sus refugios y salen a recorrer las inmediaciones trasladándose lentamente en búsqueda de alguna presa.[1]

Alimentación

Las planarias terrestres representan los predadores topes en la cadena alimentaria de la fauna edáfica del micro hábitat de su ecosistema. Sus posibles presas varían en función del tamaño de la planaria, pero generalmente capturan desde sanguijuelas terrestres, caracoles, larvas de insectos, colémbolos, isópodos, termitas, ciempiés, ciertos arácnidos y hasta lombrices.[1]

Cuando dan con una presa, al mismo tiempo que la paralizan la envuelven en moco. Luego protruyen hacia el exterior el tubo muscular que constituye su faringe.[1]

Conocimiento y conservación

 src=
Esta planaria terrestre es Bipalium kewense, originaria de Indochina, e introducida en Estados Unidos.
 src=
Esta planaria terrestre es Rhynchodemus sylvaticus.
 src=
Esta planaria terrestre es Caenoplana coerulea.

Las planarias terrestres pueden ser valorizadas como excelentes bioindicadores de cambios ambientales, ya que los afectan severamente, mientras que otros animales los logran resistir.[1]

Estos animales han sido subestimados por los investigadores por lo que se sabe muy poco de ellos. Aún no se han descrito buena parte de las especies que se estima existen. De las que sí han sido identificadas en la mayoría de los casos se desconoce su biología y el rol que desempeñan en sus ecosistemas.[1]

Se han clasificado en todo el mundo 850 especies de planarias terrestres, siendo algunos lugares megadiversos, por ejemplo la mata atlántica del sudeste del Brasil, la que contiene la mayoría de las 180 especies encontradas en ese país.[1]

Un ejemplo de lo poco que se conoce de estos animales es el caso de la Argentina, país que contaba con un registro total de 14 especies de planarias terrestres, en su mayoría descritas a finales del siglo XIX. Sólo un estudio de dos años llevado a cabo en dos áreas separadas por alrededor de 40 km en la selva misionera del nordeste de ese país, elevó el número total de especies registradas en dicha nación a 35, al identificar en esas dos reservas a 8 géneros de planarias terrestres (4 de ellos no contaban con registro en esa república) con un total de 22 especies, 15 de las cuales fueron nuevas para la ciencia, en tanto 6 de las 7 especies restantes (ya conocidas de la mata atlántica brasileña) constituyeron los primeros registros para la Argentina. Incluso sólo en esos dos puntos aún faltarían por descubrir más especies, ya que el resultado de aplicar un software específico (el cual permite estimar el número de especies presentes en una región) señaló que aún resta descubrir el 30 % del total de las especies que allí viven.[1]

Especies introducidas

Algunas especies de planarias terrestres fueron accidentalmente trasladadas desde sus hábitats originales hacia otras regiones del planeta, en las cuales encontraron un ambiente favorable, presencia de abundantes presas no adaptadas al nuevo invasor y ausencia de predadores específicos.[2]​ Esto les permitió expandirse y afectar las poblaciones de animales nativos, por lo que se tornaron dañinas plagas.[3]

 src=
Planaria terrestre de Nueva Zelanda (Arthurdendyus triangulatus).

Un caso paradigmático es la planaria terrestre de Nueva Zelanda (Arthurdendyus triangulatus), la que fue trasladada desde esa país hasta el Reino Unido, donde está afectando las poblaciones de las especies nativas de lombrices de tierra a las que captura fácilmente.[4]

Taxonomía

Esta familia fue descrita originalmente en el año 1857 por el zoólogo estadounidense William Stimpson.

Subfamilias

El Registro Mundial de Especies Marinas agrupa las especies de la familia en las siguientes subfamilias:[5]

Captura e identificación

La técnica de captura empleada por los investigadores es generalmente efectuando caminatas nocturnas en zonas con hábitat adecuado y muñidos de iluminación artificial focalizada, para intentar detectar las planarias que reptan por el suelo, procediendo luego a la colecta viva y manual de cada ejemplar localizado.[1]

Para cada planaria encontrada, el poder dilucidar cuál es la correspondiente especie a la que pertenece es una labor complicada pues, como generalmente ocurre en los turbelarios, las características exteriores no suelen contener caracteres taxonómicamente diagnósticos. Es por ello que para una correcta identificación, además de una descripción minuciosa del animal vivo, tanto de su coloración como de su forma y ubicación de los ojos, es frecuentemente necesario la aplicación de cortes histológicos para estudiar su anatomía interna, luego de una fijación del ejemplar en determinados líquidos.[1]

Áreas biogeográficas

Peerj-430-fig-1 Distribution map terrestrial flatworms.png Peerj-430-fig-2 Distribution map terrestrial flatworms.png

Referencia

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k l m Negrete, Lisandro; Francisco Brusa & Cristina Damborenea (2014). Nocturnas, predadoras y desconocidas. Revista Vida Silvestre Nº. 125. Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina. Buenos Aires. Argentina.
  2. Boag, B., Evans, K.A., Neilson, R., Yeates, G.W., Johns, P.M., Mather, J.G., and Christensen, O.M. (1995). The potential spread of terrestrial planarians Artioposthia triangulata and Australoplana sanguinea var. alba to continental Europe. Annals of Applied Biology 127: 385-390.
  3. Sugiura, S. (2010). Prey preference and gregarious attacks by the invasive flatworm Platydemus manokwari. Biological Invasions 12:1499-1507.
  4. Boag, B, K A Evans, G W Yeates, P M Johns & R Nielson (1995). «Assessment of the global potential distribution of the predatory land planarian Artioposthia triangulata (Dendy) (Tricladida: Terricola) from ecoclimatic data». New Zealand Journal of Zoology 22: 311-318. Archivado desde el original el 13 de marzo de 2005.
  5. Tyler, S. (2010). Geoplanidae Stimpson, 1857. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=414975 Registro Mundial de Especies Marinas. consultado el 28 de junio de 2017.

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Geoplanidae: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Los geoplánidos (Geoplanidae), denominadas comúnmente planarias terrestres, son una familia de platelmintos nocturnos del orden Tricladida. Sus especies poseen vida libre, no son parásitas, y habitan bajo rocas o entre la hojarasca de lugares húmedos, siendo más abundantes en algunas selvas de montaña. La mayoría de las especies poseen una longitud total comprendida entre los 2 cm y los 10 cm.​

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Geoplanidae ( French )

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Les Geoplanidae sont une famille de vers plats terrestres, de l'ordre des Tricladida.

Les Plathelminthes terrestres sont des animaux de corps allongé, plat, d'aspect lisse (ni pattes ni anneaux) et légèrement gluant. Ils n'ont ni yeux ni bouche visibles et se déplacent lentement[1].

Beaucoup de vers plats terrestres sécrètent de la tétrodotoxine — une toxine dangereuse — pour capturer leur proies. Il est donc déconseillé de les prendre à main nue.

Attitude à suivre

En cas de découverte d'un ver plat terrestre dans un jardin en France (pays où ils sont envahissants, nuisibles et sans prédateur connu), l'attitude à suivre est la suivante[2],[1] :

  • ne pas le toucher à main nue (on pourra le déplacer avec une allumette) ;
  • le prendre en photo, avec une lumière suffisante et un repère d'étalonnage (par ex. une pièce de monnaie) pour évaluer sa longueur ;
  • l’écraser (ou le placer dans un petit bocal étanche si on veut l'envoyer) ;
  • adresser les photos (sous licence libre), voire le spécimen, à Jean-Lou Justine au Muséum national d'histoire naturelle en précisant bien vos coordonnées et le lieu et circonstances de collecte ; on peut aussi téléverser les photos avec l'application INPN espèces.

Phylogénie

Arbre phylogénétique des Tricladida[3]
Tricladida

Maricola




Cavernicola


Continenticola Planarioidea

Planariidae




Kenkiidae



Dendrocoelidae




Geoplanoidea

Dugesiidae



Geoplanidae






Geoplanoidea

Dugesiidae


Geoplanidae

Bipaliinae





Geoplaninae


Rhynchodeminae

Anzoplanini



Argaplanini



Caenoplanini



Eudoxiatopoplanini



Pelmatoplanini



Rhynchodemini






Microplaninae



(Spathula + Romankenkius)






Liste des genres

 src=
Un ver du genre Bipalium.
Peerj-430-fig-1 Distribution map terrestrial flatworms.png
Peerj-430-fig-2 Distribution map terrestrial flatworms.png

Selon World Register of Marine Species (18 mars 2015)[4], complété par NCBI (4 mars 2018)[5] :

Références taxinomiques

Notes et références

  1. a et b « Que faire si je trouve un Plathelminthe? » sur le site personnel de Jean-Lou Justine, spécialiste français des Plathelminthes au Muséum national d'histoire naturelle de Paris.
  2. https://jardinage.lemonde.fr/dossier-3134-plathelminthes.html
  3. R. Sluys, M. Kawakatsu, M. Riutort et J. Baguñà, « A new higher classification of planarian flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) », Journal of Natural History, vol. 43, nos 29–30,‎ 2009, p. 1763–1777 (DOI )
  4. World Register of Marine Species, consulté le 18 mars 2015
  5. NCBI, consulté le 4 mars 2018
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wikipedia FR

Geoplanidae: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Les Geoplanidae sont une famille de vers plats terrestres, de l'ordre des Tricladida.

Les Plathelminthes terrestres sont des animaux de corps allongé, plat, d'aspect lisse (ni pattes ni anneaux) et légèrement gluant. Ils n'ont ni yeux ni bouche visibles et se déplacent lentement.

Beaucoup de vers plats terrestres sécrètent de la tétrodotoxine — une toxine dangereuse — pour capturer leur proies. Il est donc déconseillé de les prendre à main nue.

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Geoplanidae ( Italian )

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I Geoplanidae Stimpson, 1857 sono una famiglia di vermi piatti comunemente chiamati planarie terrestri.
Sono gli unici platelminti a vita libera che non vivono in ambienti acquatici e rappresentano un gruppo poco studiato, ma importante per l'ecosistema del suolo.

Comportamento

Sono predatori di altri invertebrati, come lombrichi, chiocciole, lumache, insetti e chelicerati. Una volta individuate le prede, talora attraverso recettori chimici, le planarie le attaccano e le catturano avvalendosi della loro forza fisica, unita a muco adesivo e secrezioni velenose. L'estensione del faringe, a cui fa seguito il rilascio di fluidi digestivi, consente dunque l'alimentazione.[1]

Tassonomia

La famiglia è suddivisa in 4 sottofamiglie:

Distribuzione

La famiglia ha una distribuzione cosmopolita. I Bipaliinae sono assenti nel continente americano ed europeo, i Geoplaninae si trovano in America Centrale e del Sud (avvistata anche in Italia), mentre le Microplaninae e Rhynchodeminae sono le sottofamiglie con la distribuzione che va più a nord, inclusa l'Europa.[2]

Peerj-430-fig-1 Distribution map terrestrial flatworms.png Peerj-430-fig-2 Distribution map terrestrial flatworms.png

Invasività

Varie specie sono state introdotte al di fuori dall'areale nativo, esercitando un marcato impatto sulla fauna nativa degli areali di introduzione.
Platydemus manokwari, specie originaria della Nuova Guinea, è stata introdotta accidentalmente in vari Stati e intenzionalmente in alcune isole del Pacifico per il controllo biologico di Lissachatina fulica. In queste isole ha però esercitato un forte impatto, minacciando le popolazioni di alcuni gasteropodi autoctoni, rari ed endemici.

Galleria d'immagini

Note

  1. ^ Ogren R.E., Predation behaviour of land planarians., in Hydrobiologia, 1995.
  2. ^ Álvarez-Presas M., Mateos E., Tudó À., Jones H., Riutort M., Diversity of introduced terrestrial flatworms in the Iberian Peninsula: a cautionary tale., in PeerJ, 2014.

Bibliografia

  • Collabora a Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su
  • Collabora a Wikispecies contiene informazioni su
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Geoplanidae: Brief Summary ( Italian )

provided by wikipedia IT

I Geoplanidae Stimpson, 1857 sono una famiglia di vermi piatti comunemente chiamati planarie terrestri.
Sono gli unici platelminti a vita libera che non vivono in ambienti acquatici e rappresentano un gruppo poco studiato, ma importante per l'ecosistema del suolo.

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Platelmintos terrestres ( Portuguese )

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Os platelmintos terrestres (Geoplanidae) formam um grupo diversificado e ecologicamente importante de mais de 800 espécies de vermes achatados de vida livre (não parasitas) e que possuem parentesco com as planárias de água doce.[2][3] Costumam ser confundidos com lesmas, mas na realidade não possuem parentesco com esses moluscos.

Esses animais são encontrados principalmente em solos húmidos e seu tamanho varia entre menos de um centímetro e os 60 centímetros de comprimento da espécie Bipalium kewense. São predadores eficientes e seu cardápio pode incluir minhocas, caracois e lesmas, insetos e outros animais pequeninos. Eles caçam envolvendo a presa em seu muco e imobilizando-a. A boca fica na parte ventral do corpo do animal. [4]

Muitas espécies desses vermes foram introduzidas acidentalmente pelo homem em novos territórios, embarcadas em navios. Uma espécie em particular, o platelminto da Nova Zelândia (Arthurdendyus triangulatus) está tendo grande impacto ambiental no Reino Unido, por ser um voraz devorador das minhocas nativas.

Referências

  1. Sluys, R., Kawakatsu, M., Riutort, M. & Baguñà, J. 2009. "A new higher classification of planarian flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)". Journal of Natural History, vol. 43, pag. 1763-1777.
  2. Carranza, S., Littlewood, D.T., Clough, K.A., Ruiz-Trillo, I., Baguñà, J. & Riutort, M. 1998. "A robust molecular phylogeny of the Tricladida (Platyhelminthes: Seriata) with a discussion on morphological synapomorphies". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 265(1396):631-640.
  3. Álvarez-Presas, M, Baguñà J, Riutort M. 2008. Molecular phylogeny of land and freshwater planarians (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes): from freshwater to land and back. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47:555-568.
  4. http://www.kingsnake.com/westindian/metazoa1.html
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Platelmintos terrestres: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Os platelmintos terrestres (Geoplanidae) formam um grupo diversificado e ecologicamente importante de mais de 800 espécies de vermes achatados de vida livre (não parasitas) e que possuem parentesco com as planárias de água doce. Costumam ser confundidos com lesmas, mas na realidade não possuem parentesco com esses moluscos.

Esses animais são encontrados principalmente em solos húmidos e seu tamanho varia entre menos de um centímetro e os 60 centímetros de comprimento da espécie Bipalium kewense. São predadores eficientes e seu cardápio pode incluir minhocas, caracois e lesmas, insetos e outros animais pequeninos. Eles caçam envolvendo a presa em seu muco e imobilizando-a. A boca fica na parte ventral do corpo do animal.

Muitas espécies desses vermes foram introduzidas acidentalmente pelo homem em novos territórios, embarcadas em navios. Uma espécie em particular, o platelminto da Nova Zelândia (Arthurdendyus triangulatus) está tendo grande impacto ambiental no Reino Unido, por ser um voraz devorador das minhocas nativas.

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