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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Observations: It is estimated that these animals live up to 15 years in the wild (Bernhard Grzimek 1990). Little is known about their longevity in captivity, though, with record longevity only 7.4 years (Richard Weigl 2005). Further studies are necessary.
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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Hall, E. 2003. "Marmota bobak" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Marmota_bobak.html
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Embere Hall, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Conservation Status

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bobak marmots are listed as "lower risk" by IUCN.

Extensive trapping and over-hunting have significantly reduced populations of M. bobak throughout its natural range. In fact, in 1915 it was noted that in the Streletskaya steppe alone, marmot hunters caught up to 40,000 animals in a single hunting season. Today, hunting is prohibited in many regions of Russia and the surrounding nations.

Recent increases in row crop agriculture have substantially altered grassland steppe habitats. As native grasses are carved out by the plow, the marmot is forced to migrate to new, fallow lands.

(Armatige, 1975; Nowak, 1999)

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Hall, E. 2003. "Marmota bobak" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Marmota_bobak.html
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Benefits

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Isolated accounts document that M. bobak occasionally feed on garden vegetables such as potatoes, and corn. These reports however, describe atypical events that are not characteristic of these marmots.

(Ognev, 1963)

Negative Impacts: crop pest

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Hall, E. 2003. "Marmota bobak" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Marmota_bobak.html
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Benefits

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M. bobak once provided plush pelts for trappers and fur traders. These pelts were transformed into hats and fur coats as late as the mid-1930s. During the past 100 years, marmots were also harvested to feed starving Russian citizens during periodic famine. Historically, Russians have experimented with breeding marmots for captive fur production.

(Ognev, 1963)

Positive Impacts: food

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Hall, E. 2003. "Marmota bobak" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Marmota_bobak.html
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Associations

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Bobak marmots graze on a variety of native grassland vegetation. Consequently, they disperse grass seeds such as crested wheatgrass, knotgrass, and chicory. Complex burrow structures aerate compacted soil andabandoned colonies serve as den sites for other ground-dwelling mammals.

Because bobak marmots are a prey species, they are also important parts of the food web.

(Yurgenson, 1959)

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds; creates habitat; soil aeration

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Hall, E. 2003. "Marmota bobak" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Marmota_bobak.html
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Trophic Strategy

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M. bobak principally feed on wild steppe grasses. Favorite plants include wild oats (Avena sativa), crested wheatgrass (Agropyrum cristatum), knotgrass, chicory (Cichorium intybus), clover (Trifolium repens), and lesser bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis). Although marmots prefer wild plants, they occasionally graze on vegetable gardens, sunflowers, and agricultural crops, such as potatoes. Intense feeding periods occur before winter in preparation for hibernation, and during early spring.

(Yurgenson, 1959; Ognev, 1963)

Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; seeds, grains, and nuts

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Granivore )

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Hall, E. 2003. "Marmota bobak" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Marmota_bobak.html
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Distribution

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Marmota bobak ranges from central Europe, across Russia to central Asia. The species is most commonly found in scattered colonies along the Don and Donets rivers, and in the middle and southern Ural Mountains on the steppes of north Kazakhstan. The present range however, is only a fraction of the vast area formerly inhabited by M. bobak. (Ognev, 1963; Nowak, 1999)

Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native )

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Hall, E. 2003. "Marmota bobak" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Marmota_bobak.html
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Habitat

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Bobak marmots typically inhabit steppe ecosystems. They prosper on open rolling grasslands and along the edges of cultivated fields. These marmots appear to prefer low mountain slopes and territories between rivers. They thrive in regions with high densities of forbs and feather grasses. During the past 50 years, colonies have adjusted to grazing pressure and increasing row crop agriculture on the steppes of central Asia.

In areas where the steppes have been partially plowed, marmots inhabit hard ground and fallow land. Few animals venture onto the newly turned soil, because it offers little opportunity for burrow construction or feeding. Occasionally, marmots will burrow on unpaved roads that meander through the steppes. These burrows typically belong to young animals that are attracted to the site by the hard soil and abundant roadside weeds.

The Streletskaya steppe, home to a particularly large bobak marmot colony, sustains the fundamental habitat components upon which marmots depend. It is characterized by low hills, shallow ravines, small flooded riverine meadows, and sparse elm stands. Soils in this region are stony, with some sandstone deposits. Typical vegetation includes fescue (Festuca ovina), wheatgrass (Agropyrum sibiricum), lyme grass (Elymus junceus) and feather grass (Stipa stenophylla). Isolated populations of M. bobak have historically inhabited the edges of pine forests, however this cover type does not appear to support large colonies.

(Yurgenson, 1959; Ognev, 1963)

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

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Hall, E. 2003. "Marmota bobak" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Marmota_bobak.html
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Life Expectancy

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The exact lifespan of M. bobak in the wild is unknown, although captive marmots may live as long as 15 years.

(Armatige, 1975)

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
15 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
15.0 years.

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Hall, E. 2003. "Marmota bobak" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Marmota_bobak.html
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Morphology

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M. bobak is often described as a large analog of the North American prairie dog. Easily spotted while feeding on open grasslands, the species is characterized by a round stomach, stubby legs, and a short tail. Body length ranges from 490 to 575 mm. Males are generally somewhat larger than females.

The coat is generally short and dense, with guard hairs that extend slightly beyond the underfur. Mature marmots in fall pelage are usually straw colored to rusty with dark brown hair tips. On the upper part of the head, between the eyes, the dark hair tips are more concentrated, making the top of the head appear darker. Hair around the belly, chin, throat and groin is generally darker rust whereas the tip of the tail is usually dark brown. Pelage color variations also include a paler yellow coat with light brown guard hair tips and occasional albinism.

As in all members of the genus Marmota, pelage color depends on the season. The markings described above refer to a new, fall coat. During the spring and early part of the summer, marmots generally have worn coats that are scorched by the sun. The fur is generally lighter during this period.

Perhaps the greatest difference between M. bobak and other members of the genus Marmota lies in skull morphology. Generally M. bobak has a more massive skull with wider zygomatic arches and large supraorbital processes. Auditory bullae are broad and short. Total adult skull length ranges from 89 to 103 mm.(Blumstein, 1995; Ognev, 1963)

Range length: 490 to 575 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Average mass: 7300 g.

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Hall, E. 2003. "Marmota bobak" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Marmota_bobak.html
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Associations

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M. bobak fall prey to a variety of raptors and carnivores. Perhaps the most effective marmot predators are stray dogs and foxes. Historically, steppe wolves would also have counted among marmot enemies. Due to hunting and habitat destruction, however, wolves have all but disappeared from the landscape.

Effective avian predators include imperial eagles, golden eagles, and steppe eagles. Strong forelimbs, aggressive claws, and relative agility usually protect the marmot from smaller raptors such as marsh hawks and kites.

(Blumstein , 1995; Ognev, 1963)

Known Predators:

  • stray dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)
  • foxes (Vulpes)
  • gray wolves (Canis lupus)
  • steppe eagles (Aquila nipalensis)
  • imperial eagles (Aquila heliaca)
  • golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos)
  • marsh hawks (Circus)
  • kites (Accipitridae)
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Hall, E. 2003. "Marmota bobak" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Marmota_bobak.html
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Reproduction

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As these animals probably mate well out of sight of humans, mating system and mating behavior of this species has not been described.

Little data exist on the reproductive habits of M. bobak. Mating occurs during either hibernation, or at the onset of spring. A classic study conducted by E. M Korzinkina in 1935 indicated that M. bobak may employ delayed implantation. This phenomenon however has not been substantiated in subsequent research.

Sixty percent of adults breed within a given year. Gestation appears to vary between 40 and 42 days. Litters usually include 4 to 6 pups, with the average offspring number slightly greater than 5. Female marmots provide primary care for the young, though the male may fill a limited role in both litter protection and feeding once the young have emerged from the burrow.

Bobak marmots require 3 years to reach sexual maturity. Dispersers appear to leave the natal group after their second hibernation.

(Barash, 1975; Ognev, 1963; Yurgenson, 1959)

Breeding season: Mating probably occurs in the burrow before emergence in the spring, or shortly after emergence.

Range number of offspring: 4 to 6.

Average number of offspring: <5.

Range gestation period: 40 to 42 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 3 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 3 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); viviparous ; delayed implantation

Average birth mass: 35.5 g.

Average number of offspring: 4.5.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
1095 days.

As in all mammals, the female provides milk for the growing young. All marmots are born relatively altricial. Young remain in the burrow until they are able to walk, around 1 month of age, and are weaned shortly after. Males may help to provide the young once they have emerged from the burrow. (Nowak,1999; Barash, 1975; Ognev, 1963; Yurgenson, 1959)

Parental Investment: altricial ; male parental care ; female parental care

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Hall, E. 2003. "Marmota bobak" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Marmota_bobak.html
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Bobak marmot

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The bobak marmot (Marmota bobak), also known as the steppe marmot, is a species of marmot that inhabits the steppes of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. It is a social animal and inhabits steppe grassland, including cultivated field borders. It hibernates for more than half the year. Litter sizes average about five offspring and it takes three years for the young marmots to reach sexual maturity. Male offspring leave the home colony after their second winter, and about 60% of mature females give birth in any one year.

Taxonomy

There are two recognized subspecies:[3][4]

  • M. b. bobak — western part of range
  • M. b. tschaganensis (alternatively shaganensis) — eastern part of range

Although western animals are larger and darker than eastern, their separation into subspecies is questionable, as the variation appears to be clinal.[4]

In the past, the other relatively short-furred and short-tailed marmots of the Palearctic region, i.e. Himalayan, Tarbagan, gray and forest-steppe, all were regarded as subspecies of the bobak marmot.[4] Today they are consistently recognized as separate from the bobak marmot.[3] Genetic studies have shown that the bobak marmot forms a species group with the gray and forest-steppe marmots, while the Himalayan and Tarbagan marmots are more distantly related.[4]

Distribution

The bobak marmot is native to the steppes of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, ranging from central and eastern Ukraine, through far southwestern Russia, to northern and central Kazakhstan.[4][3][5] Historically, its range was continuous, but it has disappeared from several regions, including its past range in southeastern Belarus and eastern Hungary, making its overall range discontinuous.[4] In some places it has been reintroduced and is slowly expanding its range again.[4] In Kazakhstan's highlands the bobak marmot comes into contact with the gray marmot and animals tend to show intermediate features.[4] Scientists Alyona Koshkina, Johannes Kamp, et al. used satellite imagery to map the location of 7,000 Bobak marmot burrows across Kazakhstan's steppes in 2019, which are home to approximately six million marmots. [6][7]

Ecology

The bobak marmot is often described as a large analog of the North American prairie dog, with a round stomach, stubby legs, and a short tail. Bobak marmots inhabit steppe ecosystems and prosper on rolling grasslands and on the edge of cultivated fields.[8] Active for about five and a half months each year, dispersers leave their natal social group after their second hibernation. Litter sizes average a little over five, and it takes at least three years to reach sexual maturity. About 60% of adult females breed in a given year. They have a single alarm call, but studies have demonstrated that bobak marmots call faster when they live in steep terrain and slower when they live in flatter terrain. Bobak marmots' fur is used to make hats and the occasional coat. Outside Moscow, a fur farm is experimenting with breeding bobak marmots in captivity for captive fur production.

Like other marmots, the bobak is susceptible to infection by bubonic plague. A population of bobaks living in the Ural Mountains is believed to have served as a reservoir host for the bubonic plague epidemic that struck western Russia at the end of the 19th century.

Marmots are preyed upon by snow leopards. They can also act as a buffer against other prey of the snow leopard.[9]

Cultural references

The bobak marmot is a symbol of Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine, as is found on its coat of arms and on the coats of arms of some of its districts.

Bobak is on the flag and c.o.a of Bizhbulyaksky District, Bashkortostan, Russia and on the c.o.a. of Kupiansk, Ukraine.

See also

References

  1. ^ Tsytsulina, K.; Zagorodynuk, I.; Formozov, N. & Sheftel, B. (2008). "Marmota bobak". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2009.old-form url
  2. ^ IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2008. Marmota bobak. In: IUCN 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27. Retrieved 2006-05-11.. Downloaded on 10 July 2015.
  3. ^ a b c Grubb, P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Kryštufek, B.; B. Vohralík (2013). "Taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic rodents (Rodentia). Part 2. Sciuridae: Urocitellus, Marmota and Sciurotamias". Lynx, N. S. (Praha). 44: 27–138.
  5. ^ Tsytsulina, K., Zagorodnyuk, I., Formozov, N. & Sheftel, B. Marmota bobak in: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.2
  6. ^ Baraniuk, Chris. "How the Soviet Union's end sparked a grand rewilding". BBC. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  7. ^ Koshkina, Alyona; Grigoryeva, Irina; Tokarsky, Viktor; Urazaliyev, Ruslan; Kuemmerle, Tobias; Hölzel, Norbert; Kamp, Johannes (16 December 2019). "Marmots from space: assessing population size and habitat use of a burrowing mammal using publicly available satellite images". Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation. 6 (2): 153–167. doi:10.1002/rse2.138.
  8. ^ Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan, Marmota bobak
  9. ^ Jackson, R.; Hunter, D. O. (1996). "Snow Leopard Survey and Conservation Handbook Part III" (PDF). Snow Leopard Survey and Conservation Handbook. Seattle, Washington, & Fort Collins Science Center, Colorado, the United States of America: International Snow Leopard Trust & U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 1–55. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
  • Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. Family Sciuridae. Pp. 754–818 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
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Bobak marmot: Brief Summary

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The bobak marmot (Marmota bobak), also known as the steppe marmot, is a species of marmot that inhabits the steppes of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. It is a social animal and inhabits steppe grassland, including cultivated field borders. It hibernates for more than half the year. Litter sizes average about five offspring and it takes three years for the young marmots to reach sexual maturity. Male offspring leave the home colony after their second winter, and about 60% of mature females give birth in any one year.

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