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Clinging Jellyfish

Gonionemus vertens A. Agassiz 1862

Breeding Season

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Woods Hole, Maine
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Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
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Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
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Costello, D.P.
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C. Henley

Care of Adults

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Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
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Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
author
Costello, D.P.
author
C. Henley

Cleavage and Gastrulation

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Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
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Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
author
Costello, D.P.
author
C. Henley

Later Stages of Development and Metamorphosis

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Woods Hole, Maine
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Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
bibliographic citation
Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
author
Costello, D.P.
author
C. Henley

Later Stages of Development and Metamorphosis

provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine

References

  • Joseph, H., 1925. Zur Morphologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte von Haleremita und Gonionemus. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., 125: 374-434.
  • Murbach L., 1895. Preliminary note on the life-history of Gonionemus. J. Morph., 11: 493-496.
  • Perkins, Y. F., 1902. The development of Gonionema murbachii. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 54: 750-790.
  • Rugh R., 1929. Egg laying habits of Gonionemus murbachii in relation to light. Biol. Bull., 57: 261-266.

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
bibliographic citation
Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
author
Costello, D.P.
author
C. Henley

Living Material

provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
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Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
bibliographic citation
Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
author
Costello, D.P.
author
C. Henley

Living Material

provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
bibliographic citation
Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
author
Costello, D.P.
author
C. Henley

Methods of Observation

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Woods Hole, Maine
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Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
bibliographic citation
Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
author
Costello, D.P.
author
C. Henley

The Unfertilized Ovum

provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
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Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
bibliographic citation
Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
author
Costello, D.P.
author
C. Henley

Comprehensive Description

provided by EOL Interns LifeDesk

'Umbrella hemispherical or somewhat flatter; jelly moderately thick; velum very broad. Four radial canals and ring canal moderately broad; Manubrium fusiform, slightly shorter than bell cavity, on slight gastric peduncle; mouth with four perradial lips with slightly crenulated margins. The four gonads in form of folded pendant sac, along greater part of radial canals.' (Kramp 1961)

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Wolf, Elizabeth
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Distribution

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Circumglobal in northern temperate coastal waters.

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Morphology

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'The adhesive pads of Gonionemus vertens, located near the distal end of each tentacle, consist of a layer of columnar glandulomuscular cells surrounded by a collar of microfilament containing epithelial cells. The glandulomuscular cells contain dense secretory rods, microtubules, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi elements and myonemes. Axons located between the basal portions of the glandulomuscular cells form synapses with the glandulomuscular cells. The roles of these various cell organelles in adhesion and detachment process are discussed.' (Singla 1977)

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Comprehensive Description

provided by Invertebrates of the Salish Sea
This bell-shaped hydromedusa has about 60-80 unbranched tentacles which evenly spaced around the margin of the bell. The tentacles have large rings of nematocycts all along their length, and partway back from the tip of each tentacle is a larger adhesive knob or pad used for attachment to objects. The tentacle tends to bend at the disk. The tentacle bulbs at the base of the tentacles are yellowish-tan. The 4 radial canals are unbranched and continue all the way to the margin of the bell. There are no centripetal canals. Ruffled flaplike orange, red, violet, or yellow-brown gonads hang down along the 4 radial canals and form a clearly visible X shape. The manubrium is colored tan and hangs down about to the bell margin, with 4 slightly frilly lips. The bell may be clear or light green.. Diameter to 2.5 cm.
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Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory
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Invertebrates of the Salish Sea

Distribution

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Geographical Range: Alaska to southern California, Kamchatka, northern Japan, Arctic Ocean, N Atlantic to Cape Cod. On our Pacific coast not common south of Puget Sound but some blooms have appeared farther south such as near Santa Barbara, CA.
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Invertebrates of the Salish Sea

Habitat

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Attached to kelp, eelgrass, and other substrates; in at least partly protected waters.
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Invertebrates of the Salish Sea

Comprehensive Description

provided by Invertebrates of the Salish Sea
Biology/Natural History: Feeds on small crustaceans, especially copepods. The polyp is seldom seen. The polyps of this species found in Kamchatka are highly venomous but those along our coast are not. Older references list this species as a member of the Trachyline medusae.
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Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory
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Invertebrates of the Salish Sea

Look Alikes

provided by Invertebrates of the Salish Sea
How to Distinguish from Similar Species: Eperetmus typus is also deep bell-shaped and has nematocyst rings on the tentacles but it has no adhesive pads on the tentacles and the radial canals usually have many centripetal canals.
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Invertebrates of the Salish Sea

Gonionemus vertens

provided by wikipedia EN

Gonionemus vertens, the clinging jellyfish, is a small species of hydrozoan in the family Olindiidae found in coastal regions throughout large parts of the Northern Hemisphere.[2][3]

Description and behavior

The appearance of Gonionemus vertens is usually described as having a transparent bell lined with 60–80 (exceptionally up to 100–110) tentacles.[4] The gonads are distinctly colored orange, red or violet if the specimen is female, or yellow-brown if it is male. The gonads are arranged hanging from four radial canals so that when viewed from above, the gonads are lined perpendicularly. The manubrium, colored tan, hangs down in the middle. The bell of the jellyfish (medusae) is only 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) in diameter,[2] exceptionally up to 4 cm (1.6 in), and when fully extended a tentacle can be twice the length of the bell diameter.[4]

The medusae reproduce sexually and the tens of thousands of eggs and sperm are released into the sea.[4] They become planula larvae that eventually attach themselves to the seabed on algae, rocks or shells as tiny polyps that measure up to 1–2 mm (0.04–0.08 in).[2][3] The polyps can split into several by budding. The change from polyp to tiny medusae, initially measuring only 1.5 mm (0.06 in),[3] typically happens when the water surpasses 17–18 °C (63–64 °F). Because of this, the medusae follow an annual pattern and first appear in the spring or later depending on temperature,[2][4] sometimes causing sudden blooms where many show up at once.[3] The medusae stage generally lasts no more than three months,[2] but the species can live for years in the polyp stage.[4]

During the day the medusae will attach themselves with the adhesive patches on their tentacles to various surfaces, especially seagrass, earning the species its common name clinging jellyfish.[2][3] Gonionemus vertens may catch prey when attached to surfaces during the day, but they mostly feed at night in open water,[3][4] eating zooplanktonic organisms like fish larvae and tiny crustaceans.[2]

Distribution

Gonionemus vertens is a marine and brackish species from shallow coastal waters of the north Pacific region, but there is considerable uncertainty about its exact native distribution.[4][5] It certainly includes the northwest Pacific from the Russian Far East to Japan.[2] Some authorities also include areas south to Vietnam in its native range,[3] and the northeast Pacific from the Aleutian Islands to Puget Sound (the type locality),[4] while others consider these as non-native introductions.[2] Its northwest Atlantic range off Maine and Massachusetts might be native,[5] but most regard this as a non-native introduction.[2][3] In the northwest Atlantic there are occasional records south to New Jersey.[6]

Regardless of its exact native range, its small size and polyp stage means that it has been spread to some parts of the world where certainly non-native, becoming an invasive species.[2][3] In Europe where the species is non-native, they have been found locally in the Mediterranean Sea, and along the Atlantic coast from Portugal to Norway and Sweden.[2][7] Other non-native records are from southern California, the Dry Tortugas in Florida and near Mar del Plata in Argentina, with the last being the only known locality in the Southern Hemisphere.[2][3][5]

Sting

In much of its range, Gonionemus vertens has a strong sting, which can cause pain, a swollen throat, chest tightness, muscle cramps, neuropsychiatric changes and anaphylactic shock.[2][3][5] Stinging incidents have been reported from East Asia (at least Japan and Russia), Europe and the Atlantic coast of the United States.[2][5][8] In contrast, the sting of Gonionemus vertens apparently can not be felt in its northeast Pacific range off North America where it is considered entirely harmless to humans.[5] In the past, it was also regarded as harmless on the Atlantic coast of North America and the recent strong stings in this region possibly is the result of introductions of the Asian form of the species.[3] As a consequence of this variation in the sting and minor geographic variations in the morphology, some speculate that Gonionemus vertens as presently defined is a species complex.[3]

References

  1. ^ Schuchert P, ed. (2011). "Gonionemus vertens A. Agassiz, 1862". World Hydrozoa database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Guillaume Marchessaux; Justine Gadreaud; Bertrand Martin-Garin; Alain Thiéry; Mélanie Ourgaud; Bruno Belloni; Delphine Thibault (2017). "First report of the invasive jellyfish Gonionemus vertens A. Agassiz, 1862 in the Berre Lagoon, southeast France". BioInvasions Records. 6 (4): 339–344. doi:10.3391/bir.2017.6.4.06.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Fofonoff, P.W.; Ruiz, G.M.; Steves, B.; Simkanin, C.; Carlton, J.T. (2019). "Gonionemus vertens". National Exotic Marine and Estuarine Species Information System. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Bakker, C. (1980). "On the distribution of Gonionemus vertens A. Agassiz (Hydrozoa, Limnomedusae), a new species in the eelgrass beds of Lake Grevelingen (S.W. Netherlands)". Hydrobiological Bulletin. 14 (3): 186–195. doi:10.1007/BF02260120.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Houghton, J. (14 June 2010). "Gonionemus vertens". CABI Invasive Species Compendium. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  6. ^ "Gonionemus vertens « Conserve Wildlife Foundation of New Jersey". Conservewildlifenj.org. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  7. ^ "Ny manet upptäckt: Väldigt kraftiga brännceller". Sverigesradio.se. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  8. ^ Cross, Pam (26 June 2015). "Jellyfish new to local beaches giving out 'nasty stings'". Wcvb.com. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
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Gonionemus vertens: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Gonionemus vertens, the clinging jellyfish, is a small species of hydrozoan in the family Olindiidae found in coastal regions throughout large parts of the Northern Hemisphere.

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Wikipedia authors and editors
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