dcsimg

Biology

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Common water-plantain flowers from June to August (4). It fruits prolifically, and readily colonises recently cleared ditches and flooded mineral workings (3).
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Conservation

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Conservation action is not needed.
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Description

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Common water-plantain is a stout aquatic herb with oval-shaped leaves, which may be rounded or heart-shaped at the base (4). The pale lilac flowers are borne on a greatly branching inflorescence, and open between 1pm and 7pm each day (2). The curvature of the ribs on the leaves of water plantain was one of the inspirational natural features used by John Ruskin in the development of his theories on gothic architecture; he claimed that they were models of 'divine proportion' (5).
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Habitat

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This species is usually found growing at the edge of still or slow-flowing water, as well as in swamps and marshes (3).
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Range

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Widespread throughout much of Britain, but rarer in the north of Scotland, Shetland, the Outer Hebrides and Orkney. Elsewhere, it is found in temperate Europe (2), and has become widely naturalised outside of its natural range (3).
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Status

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Widespread (3).
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Threats

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This species is not threatened.
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Distribution in Egypt

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Nile region.

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Global Distribution

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North and east Africa, temperate Europe, southwest to central Asia, north America, southeast Australia, New Zealand.

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Habitat

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Nile banks, ditches and marshy ground.

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Life Expectancy

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Perennial.

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Associations

provided by BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / spot causer
minute, mostly hypophyllous, black pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph of Ascochyta alismatis causes spots on fading leaf of Alisma plantago-aquatica
Remarks: season: 10

Foodplant / spot causer
epiphyllous, numerous, pale brown then darker pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph of Ascochyta boydii causes spots on live leaf of Alisma plantago-aquatica
Remarks: season: 7-9

Foodplant / miner
larva of Bagous alismatis mines leaf of Alisma plantago-aquatica

Foodplant / feeds on
Bagous robustus feeds on Alisma plantago-aquatica
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / spot causer
sorus of Doassansia alismatis causes spots on moribund leaf of Alisma plantago-aquatica
Remarks: season: 7-10

Foodplant / miner
larva of Hydronomus alismatis mines live leaf of Alisma plantago-aquatica
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / spot causer
gregarious pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph of Phyllosticta alismatis causes spots on live leaf of Alisma plantago-aquatica
Remarks: season: 8-9

Foodplant / spot causer
mostly epiphyllous, immersed pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph of Phyllosticta alismatis forma santonensis causes spots on live leaf of Alisma plantago-aquatica
Remarks: season: 8

Foodplant / gall
Physoderma maculare causes gall of live stem of Alisma plantago-aquatica

Foodplant / spot causer
very small, mostly hypophyllous, black pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph of Spermosporina alismatis causes spots on fading leaf of Alisma plantago-aquatica
Remarks: season: 10

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Comments

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The name Alisma plantago-aquatica has been used in a variety of North American floras. We are following, however, the treatment of I. Björkqvist (1968), in which the native distribution of A. plantago-aquatica is restricted to Eurasia.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 22 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Description

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Herbs, to 1 m. Leaves emersed, petiolate; blade linear-lanceolate to broadly elliptic to ovate, to 30 ´ 1--12 cm. Inflorescences to 1 m. Flowers chasmogamous; sepals 1.7--3.2 mm; petals purplish white to purplish pink, 3.4--6.4 mm, margins ± erose, apex obtuse; anthers ellipsoid, 0.7--1.4 mm; style ± straight, 0.6--1.5 mm, exceeding ovary length. Fruiting heads 4--6.5 mm diam; achenes ovoid, 1.7--3.1 mm, abaxial keels broadly rounded, with 1 median abaxial groove, rarely 2, beak erect or nearly erect. 2n = 14 (Eurasian material).
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of North America Vol. 22 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Distribution

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introduced; Alaska; Eurasia.
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Flora of North America Vol. 22 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flowering/Fruiting

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Flowering and fruiting late summer.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 22 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Habitat

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Stream margins; 200m.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of North America Vol. 22 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Size

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20-100 cm
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Julia (Nenya)
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Description

provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
Perennial aquatic herb, up to 1m, submerged or emergent. Leaves erect in a basal tuft. Flowers in a tall open panicle, white.
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
bibliographic citation
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=103200
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Mark Hyde
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Bart Wursten
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Petra Ballings
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Frequency

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Occasional
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=103200
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Petra Ballings
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Worldwide distribution

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Known from all temperate regions of the world and mountainous areas in East Africa. Introduced in Angola, Zimbabwe and South Africa. Its true origins are uncertain.
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=103200
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Alisma plantago-aquatica

provided by wikipedia EN

Alisma plantago-aquatica, also known as European water-plantain, common water-plantain or mad-dog weed, is a perennial flowering aquatic plant widespread across most of Europe and Asia, and apparently spread elsewhere in both the Old and New World.

Description

Flower

Alisma plantago-aquatica is a hairless plant that grows in shallow water, consists of a fibrous root, several basal long stemmed leaves 15–30 centimetres (6–12 inches) long, and a triangular stem up to 1 metre (3+12 feet) tall. It has branched inflorescence bearing numerous small flowers, 1 cm (12 in) across, with three round or slightly jagged, white or pale purple petals. The flowers open in the afternoon. There are three blunt green sepals and 6 stamens per flower. The carpels often exist as a flat single whorl.[2] It flowers from June until August.[3] The fruits appear as a ring of seeds inside each flower.[3]

Chemistry

Chemical constituents of Rhizoma Alismatis—rhizomes of Alisma orientale (syn. Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale) as a traditional Chinese medicine—include alisol A 24-acetate and alisol B 23-acetate.[4] The content of these two compounds are significantly different in Rhizoma Alismatis of different areas.

Similar species

Narrow-leaved water plantain Alisma lanceolatum differs only in that the leaf tips are acuminate and shape is narrow lanceolate.

According to some sources, presumed specimens found in North America are actually the similar A. subcordatum and A. trivale.[3]

Taxonomy

The word alisma is said to be a word of Celtic origin meaning "water", a reference to the habitat in which it grows. Early botanists named it after the Plantago because of the similarity of their leaves.[5]

Distribution and habitat

The species is widespread across most of Europe and Asia from Portugal and Morocco to Japan, Kamchatka and Vietnam. It is also regarded as native in northern and central Africa as far south as Tanzania, and in Australia.[6] It is reportedly naturalized in southern Africa, New Zealand, Alaska, British Columbia, Washington state and Connecticut.[7][8][9] Some sources maintain that the species is widespread across North America, but these reports appear to have been based on misidentified specimens.[10] It is found on mud or in fresh waters.[3]

Uses

The rootstocks contain starch and can be boiled or soaked to remove bitterness before eating. Aquatic plants in general should be cooked before consumption to kill parasites.[11]

According to Flora of the U.S.S.R. (1934), "A powder prepared from dried roots is used in popular medicine as a cure for rabies and crushed leaves are used against mammary congestion; fresh leaves are employed in homeopathy. ... Since this species is often confounded or identified with others of the genus, the reported data may also refer to [A. orientale or A. lanceolatum]."[12] A. plantago-aquatica is also known as mad-dog weed,[13] as if it could be used to cure rabies, but should not be confused with Scutellaria lateriflora (mad-dog skullcap), which is also sometimes called mad-dog weed.

Alisma orientale is sometimes treated as a variety of this species (A. plantago-aquatica var. orientale).[14][15] The rhizomes of A. orientale have been used as a traditional Chinese medicine, ze xie.[16] However, it may have serious side effects or even toxic effects such as hepatotoxicity in patients with chronic hepatitis B.[17]

References

  1. ^ Lansdown, R.V.; Beentje, H.J. (2017). "Alisma plantago-aquatica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T164129A84275593. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T164129A84275593.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ Flora of North America v 22, Alisma plantago-aquatica
  3. ^ a b c d Spellenberg, Richard (2001) [1979]. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region (rev ed.). Knopf. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-375-40233-3.
  4. ^ "Determinations of Active Compositions in Rhizoma Alismatis from Different Areas--《Clinical Medicine & Engineering》2010年10期".
  5. ^ Rose, Francis (2006). The Wild Flower Key. Frederick Warne & Co. pp. 483–484. ISBN 978-0-7232-5175-0.
  6. ^ "Alisma plantago-aquatica - Water Plantain". Flora of Victoria. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  7. ^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". apps.kew.org. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
  8. ^ Biota of North America Program
  9. ^ "Alisma plantago-aquatica in Flora of China @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
  10. ^ Björkquist, I. 1968. Studies in Alisma L. II. Chromosome studies, crossing experiments and taxonomy. Opera Botanica 19: 1-138.
  11. ^ The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  12. ^ Flora of the U.S.S.R. Vol. 1. 1968. pp. 220–1. Retrieved June 3, 2012.
  13. ^ "Historical Common Names of Great Plains Plants: Alisma plantago-aquatica L". Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved June 3, 2012.
  14. ^ "Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved June 3, 2012.
  15. ^ "Alisma orientale". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved June 3, 2012.
  16. ^ "SCHEDULE 1 Chinese Herbal Medicines". Chinese Medicine Bill. Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Retrieved June 3, 2012. Rhizoma Alismatis (澤瀉) Tuber of Alisma orientalis (Sam.) Juzep.
  17. ^ YUEN, M.-F.; TAM, S.; FUNG, J.; WONG, D. K.-H.; WONG, B. C.-Y. & LAI, C.-L. (October 2006). "Traditional Chinese medicine causing hepatotoxicity in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection: a 1-year prospective study". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 24 (8): 1179–86. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03111.x. PMID 17014576. S2CID 20596518.

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Alisma plantago-aquatica: Brief Summary

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Alisma plantago-aquatica, also known as European water-plantain, common water-plantain or mad-dog weed, is a perennial flowering aquatic plant widespread across most of Europe and Asia, and apparently spread elsewhere in both the Old and New World.

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