The primary mode of communication for pygmy ringtails is olfactory. They establish home ranges and display reproductive status via feces and pheromones. Males have a sternal gland which secretes pheromones to deter other males. Although pygmy ringtails are generally quiet, young use a twitter-like call when in search of their mother and a make a screeching noise as an alarm call.
Communication Channels: acoustic ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: pheromones ; scent marks
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Pygmy ringtails are considered a species of "least concern" by the IUCN. They are widespread and locally abundant. Although they are commonly hunted throughout their native range, it is not considered to be a major threat to their survival.
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
There are no known adverse effects of Pseudochirulus mayeri on humans.
Pseudochirulus mayeri is commonly hunted by indigenous peoples throughout their range.
Positive Impacts: food
Little is known of the potential ecosystem roles filled by pygmy ringtail. However, they are an important prey species for owls throughout their range. Although pygmy ringtails are folivores, they are likely too few and too small to significantly reduce foliage.
Pygmy ringtails are arboreal folivores. They are the only member of Pseudicheiridae to eat pollen and fungus. They have the largest stomach volume to body size ratio of the ringtails (Flannery,1995). Natives report seeing pygmy ringtails eating epiphytic moss and lichens. Although they are considered arboreal folivores, they also eat ferns. In captivity, they often prefer sugar water (Flannery,1994; Flannery,1995). They have selenodont molars, which are ideal for shredding ingested foliage, and large incisors, which are ideal for clipping forage from plants. Like other ringtail possum species, pygmy ringtails have enlarged cecum, which increases gut the retention time of ingested forage. Increased gut retention times make it possible for gut bacteria to breakdown plant tissue in order to obtain greater nutritional value. Pymgy ringtails are also coprophagic, which helps retain bacteria and nutrients.
Plant Foods: leaves; pollen; bryophytes; lichens
Other Foods: fungus
Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )
Pseudochirulus mayeri is endemic to the island of New Guinea. It inhabits montane forests in the Central Cordillera highlands, from the Wissel Lake region in the Indonesian province of Papua (Irian Jaya), east to Mount Hagen in Papua New Guinea`s Western Highland Province. Its range includes Mount Wilhelm, Weyland Range and the Hellwig Mountains.
Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native )
Other Geographic Terms: island endemic
Pseudochirulus mayeri is exclusively arboreal and can be found in Montane forests in the central New Guinea highlands, which has high tree diversity, including Nothofagus, Myrtaceae, Elaecarpaceae, and conifers ranging from 20 to 30 meters in height. It can be found at elevations ranging from 1,200 meters to 4,200 meters above sea level and is most common in forests between 2,000 meters and below 3,900 meters.
Range elevation: 1,200 to 4,000 m.
Average elevation: above 2,000- below 3,900 m.
Habitat Regions: terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; mountains
The average life span of Pseudochirulus mayeri in the wild is 4 to 5 years. Lifespan of captive individuals is unknown.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 4 to 5 years.
Pygmy ringtail possums are distinguished by their small size. They are sexually dimorphic with females being larger than males. Males weigh from 115 to 178 grams, with an average of 149 grams. Females weigh from 105 to 206 grams, with an average of 154.5 grams. Male body length (including head, body, and tail) ranges from 318 to 369 mm with an average length of 344 mm. Females range in length from 330 to 400 mm, with a mean of 372 mm (Flannery,1994; Flannery,1995). Their fur is cinnamon brown to dark brown (Husson,1964). Another way to distinguish pygmy ringtail possums from other Pseadochirulus spp. is their drab coloration; however, when moving, their bluish-gray undercoat becomes visible. They have an opposable first toe on their hind feet, and their second and third toes are syndactylus (Stonehouse and Gilmore, 1977). While the dorsal surface of their prehensile tail is covered with thick brown hair, the underside of their tail is hairless and calloused. Coat color is the same across genders and age classes.
Range mass: 105 to 206 g.
Average mass: 154.5 g.
Range length: 318 to 400 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: female larger
Owls (Strigiformes) are the primary predators of Pseudochirulus mayeri. Their jaws are often recovered from owl pellets in rocky outcroppings near the Porgera Reservoir (Helgen,2007). Owl species that are known to prey upon P. mayeri consist of the greater sooty owl (Tyto tenebricosa), eastern grass-owl (Tyto longimembris), rufous owl (Ninox rufa) and the Papuan hawk-owl (Uroglaux dimorpha).
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
Reproductive and mating habits of Pseudochirulus mayeri are relatively unknown. Although they are solitary animals, they appear to form temporary bonds during breeding, with males accompanying females during estrus. They mate year-round and are either monogamous or polygynous. Mating systems are determined according to population densities and resource availability.
Mating System: monogamous ; polygynous
Little is know of the general reproductive behaviour of Pseudochirulus mayeri. Although it breeds year round, the number of offspring born peaks in April and May (Nowak,1999; Tyndale-Biscoe,1973). Females have 4 mammae but only 2 are functional. Despite its ability to raise two young at once, only one offspring has been observed at a time, either pouched or on the mother's back. Offspring emerge from the mother's pouch around 120 days old. Weaning age has not been documented; however, its close relatives, the Herbert River ringtail (Pseudochirulus herbertensis) and the common ringtail (Pseudocheirus peregrines), are weaned by 150 to 180 days old. In general, ringtail possums reach sexual maturity at one year old (Tyndale-Biscoe,1973). Length of gestation is unknown, however, the average for most marsupials is 9 to 13 days.
Breeding season: year-round breeding but peaks in April and May
Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.
Average number of offspring: 1.
Range gestation period: 9 to 13 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): one years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): one years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
After a relatively short gestational period (9 to 13 days), offspring move to the mother's pouch where development will continue for the next 4 to 5 months (Nowak,1999). Juveniles start venturing out of their mother`s pouch around 120 days, however, offspring continue nursing until around 155 days old. After 4 to 5 months, juveniles leave their mother's pouch to ride on her back. After a short time, mothers begin to leave juveniles in the nest in increasing intervals. Males take no part in raising offspring.
Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
The pygmy ringtail possum (Pseudochirulus mayeri) is a species of marsupial in the family Pseudocheiridae. It is found in the montane forest regions of Papua New Guinea and West Papua, Indonesia.[2][3] They are "widespread along the Central Cordillera" and live at elevations between 1,500 and 3,600 metres (4,900 and 11,800 ft) above sea level.”[2]
Pygmy ringtails are herbivores or “arboreal folivores” that eat pollen, lichen, fungus and “epiphytic moss."[3] P. mayeri also eat the bark of trees, which provides them with calcium and potassium.[4] They have “large incisor” teeth which help with “clipping forage from plants” and have “selenodont molars” that help with “shredding ingested foliage."[3] They have “an enlarged cecum that acts as a fermentation chamber”[5] and allows “gut bacteria to breakdown [sic] plant tissue."[3] The extra retention time allows the pygmy ringtail to obtain more nutrients from the ingested forage.
Pseudochirulus mayeri is a very small species, with the males being slightly smaller than the females. The average female weight is 154.5 grams, ranging from 105 to 206 grams, while the average length is 372 mm with a range of 330–400 mm. The male weighs approximately 149 grams ranging between 115 and 178 grams and an average length of 344 mm with a range of 318–369 mm. Their life expectancy in the wild is approximately 4 or 5 years. These specific pygmy ringtails have “cinnamon brown to dark brown” fur with a visible “bluish-gray undercoat” when they move. Their tail has thick brown hair on top while calloused and hairless underneath. The Pseudochirulus mayeri also have “an opposable first toe on their hind feet, and their second and third toes are syndactylus.”[3]
These possums make dreys, or nests, “in the forks of trees, less than four meters off the ground.” These nests consist of foliage similar to moss and lichen and they enter into “state[s] of partial torpor” during the day. Therefore, they “are nocturnal, solitary, arboreal herbivores” that do not travel far at night from their drey because they are small and slow moving. P. mayeri can use sound to communicate. For example, young P. mayeri “use a twitter-like call when in search [for] their mother and make a screeching noise as an alarm call.” However, they mainly communicate with one another through their olfactory. For example, males produce a pheromone in the sternal gland that "[deter]s other males" while both females and males "establish home ranges" or "display reproductive status [using] feces and pheromones."[3]
The main predators of P. mayeri are owls, specifically the greater sooty owl, Papuan hawk-owl, eastern grass-owl and rufous owl.[3] They also tend to be hunted by indigenous people who live near their habitat.[2] However, they are not sufficiently hunted to be considered threatened.
The pygmy ringtail possum (Pseudochirulus mayeri) is a species of marsupial in the family Pseudocheiridae. It is found in the montane forest regions of Papua New Guinea and West Papua, Indonesia. They are "widespread along the Central Cordillera" and live at elevations between 1,500 and 3,600 metres (4,900 and 11,800 ft) above sea level.”
Pygmy ringtails are herbivores or “arboreal folivores” that eat pollen, lichen, fungus and “epiphytic moss." P. mayeri also eat the bark of trees, which provides them with calcium and potassium. They have “large incisor” teeth which help with “clipping forage from plants” and have “selenodont molars” that help with “shredding ingested foliage." They have “an enlarged cecum that acts as a fermentation chamber” and allows “gut bacteria to breakdown [sic] plant tissue." The extra retention time allows the pygmy ringtail to obtain more nutrients from the ingested forage.
