Fossil evidence in the geological record dates this mouse back to the late Pleistocene epoch (Wilson and Ruff 1999).
Like other Peromyscus species, oldfield mice have keen vision, hearing, and tactile sensation. They use chemical cues extensively in communication.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Several subspecies of P. polionotus are on conservation lists. The status varies by subspecies. For example, on the IUCN list, some subspecies are listed as extinct while others are listed as endangered, critically endangered, or lower risk. Beach development and water recreation are just two causes for this mouse being in danger of extinction (Wilson and Ruff, 1999). A third probable danger to P. polionotus is climatic. For example, the coast along the Gulf of Mexico has been subject to hurricanes and other violent weather in the past. Swilling et. al (1998) have recorded populations of Peromyscus polionotus to be severely reduced several months after Hurricane Opal hit the Alabama coast.
Subspecies of oldfield mice considered endangered are: Peromyscus polionotus allophrys, Peromyscus polionotus ammobates, Peromyscus polionotus peninsularis, Peromyscus polionotus phasma, and Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis, all of which occur in Florida and Alabama. Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris are considered threatened, they occur in Florida. Additional subspecies recognized by the IUCN are Peromyscus polionotus leucocephalus, near threatened in Florida, and Peromyscus polionotus decoloratus, extinct from Florida.
US Federal List: endangered; threatened
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
It has been reported that Peromyscus polionotus can be a pest when it digs up the seeds of local gardeners for consumption (Whitaker and Hamilton 1998).
Negative Impacts: household pest
Oldfield mice are excellent models for genetic research and have been used extensively to study variation in pigment controlling genes.
Positive Impacts: research and education
Oldfield mice are an important prey base for small predators in the areas in which they live. They may also play an important role in influencing seed survivorship of the plant communities in which they occur. The following parasites have been found in individuals living in Florida: nematodes- six species, trematodes- one species, acanthocephalans- one species, and fleas- two species (Whitaker and Hamilton 1998).
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Oldfield mice are granivorous, feeding on the seeds of grasses and herbs. They store food in underground caches (Wilson and Ruff, 1999). They will also consume arthropods, insect parts have been found in nests (Gentry and Smith, 1968).
Animal Foods: insects
Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts
Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food
Primary Diet: herbivore (Granivore )
Peromyscus polionotus occurs in the southeastern United States. Populations in the continental United States have been found scattered throughout parts of Mississippi, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, and south to Florida (Whitaker and Hamilton, 1998; Wilson and Ruff, 1999). This species of deer mouse also inhabits coastal islands off the southeastern sea board (Nowak 1999).
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
Oldfield mice inhabit diverse environments. These mice typically occupy early successional habitats such as abandoned fields, beach dunes, and scrub habitats (Wilson and Ruff, 1999). They dig underground nest cavities which lie 0.3 to 0.9 meters below the surface. There is a leading and an escaping tunnel. A mound of soil or sand marks the entrance of the leading tunnel.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; scrub forest
Other Habitat Features: suburban ; agricultural
Oldfield mice probably live for no longer than about 18 months in the wild.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 18 (high) months.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 5.5 years.
Adult females are slightly larger than adult males (Wilson and Ruff 1999). Total length ranges from 110 to 150 millimeters with the average tail length ranging from 40 to 60 millimeters. Weight varies between 10 and 15 grams (Wilson and Ruff 1999). Peromyscus polionotus has several distinguishing characteristics. This species is smaller in size and has a smaller skull compared to other species in th genus Peromyscus. The white and brown colored tail, with a white underside, are two identifiable characteristics (Whitaker and Hamilton, 1998).
Distinct local color variation is found among the subspecies. For example, individuals inhabiting the beach tend to have less pigmented hair than individuals of an inland population (Wilson and Ruff 1999). This pale coloration may help beach populations blend into the sandy environment, thus avoiding predation.
Range mass: 10 to 15 g.
Range length: 110 to 150 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: female larger
Average basal metabolic rate: 0.12 W.
Oldfield mice are preyed upon by many small predators, such as raptors, owls, snakes, weasels, foxes, and cats (Whitaker and Hamilton, 1998). They escape predation by seeking refuge in their burrows and by being active primarily at night.
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
These mice are monogamous, with the breeding pair remaining together for a period of time.
Mating System: monogamous
Breeding of Peromyscus polionotus occurs throughout the year. There is a decline in breeding activity during the summer (Wilson and Ruff 1999). Gestation is 24 days in length but may be a few days longer if a previous litter is still nursing (Whitaker and Hamilton, 1998). Litter size ranges between three and four individuals. The average age for the first estrus cycle in a female is 29.6 days (Nowak, 1999).
Breeding interval: Females can have multiple litters in a year.
Breeding season: Breeding occurs year-round.
Range number of offspring: 3 to 4.
Average gestation period: 24 days.
Range weaning age: 20 to 25 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 30 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 30 days.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
Average birth mass: 1.68 g.
Average gestation period: 24 days.
Average number of offspring: 3.8.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female: 28 days.
At birth, the young are helpless, weighing only 6 to 7 grams. They are pink in color and hairless with the exception of vibrissae around the nose. The eyes do not open until the thirteenth or fourteenth day of life. The litter is weaned around 20-25 days after birth. Above-ground activity occurs after weaning.
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female)
The oldfield mouse, oldfield deermouse[2] or beach mouse (Peromyscus polionotus) is a nocturnal species of rodent in the family Cricetidae that primarily eats seeds. It lives in holes throughout the Southeastern United States in beaches and sandy fields. Predators to these mice include birds and mammals. In 2016, these mice were in the least concern category on the IUCN Red List with certain subspecies classified as extinct, critically endangered, endangered or near threatened.
The oldfield mouse occurs only in the southeastern United States, ranging from Florida to Tennessee.[1] They primarily live in beaches and sandy fields.[3]
The mouse has fawn-colored upperparts and grey to white underparts through most of its range, but on white sandy beaches, the mouse is light or even white. Inland populations are darker and smaller with shorter tails that are dusky above and white below. General body and tail color may vary slightly depending upon geographical location.[3]
The mouse is primarily nocturnal.[1]
P. polionotus is omnivorous and the principal diet is seasonal seeds of wild grasses and forbs, but blackberries, acorns, and wild peas may be consumed.[1][4][5]
These mice dig holes in earth to create homes. Spiders, snakes, and other animals may move into a burrow.[6]
Birds and mammals prey upon the oldfield mouse. Various types of parasites can effect oldfield mice, with nematodes being the main ones.[8] One mouse survived in captivity for 5.5 years.[9]
In 2010, the beach mouse was in the least concern category on the IUCN Red List. For the beach mouse's subspecies, out of sixteen known, one is extinct, one was listed critically endangered, four endangered and two near threatened.[1]
Under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, the following beach mice are protected as endangered or threatened subspecies:
The pallid beach mouse (Peromyscus polionotus decoloratus) is presumed extinct.[19][20] The Santa Rosa beach mouse (Peromyscus polionotus leucocephalus)[21] is listed as critically imperiled by NatureServe.[22]
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The oldfield mouse, oldfield deermouse or beach mouse (Peromyscus polionotus) is a nocturnal species of rodent in the family Cricetidae that primarily eats seeds. It lives in holes throughout the Southeastern United States in beaches and sandy fields. Predators to these mice include birds and mammals. In 2016, these mice were in the least concern category on the IUCN Red List with certain subspecies classified as extinct, critically endangered, endangered or near threatened.
