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Migration

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Potamodromous. Migrating within streams, migratory in rivers, e.g. Saliminus, Moxostoma, Labeo. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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Trophic Strategy

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Detritivores (Ref. 51869, 76754).
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Pascualita Sa-a
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Importance

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fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: commercial
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Comprehensive Description

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Semaprochilodus insignis (Jardine, 1841)

Prochilodus insignis Jardine, 1841.261 pl. 30 [type locality: Rio Branco (= Brazil, Roraima, Rio Branco)].—Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1850:88 [Rio Branco].—Kner, 1859:147 [Rio Negro]—Günther, 1864:296 [(Brazil), Santarem].—Cope, 1872:258 [Peru, Ambiyacu River].—Steindachner. 1881:128 [in part; cited specimens from (Brazil) Óbidos and Teffé (= Tefé), reported distribution other than for cited occurrence of species in Guiana].—Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891:48 [in listing of South American fishes].—Regan, 1905:189 [Rio Negro; based upon Wallace drawings].—Fowler, 1906:315 [Prochilodus theraponura provisionally separated from P. insignis]; 1940a:260 [compared with P. theraponura and P. amazonenis]; 1950:219 [literature compilation]; 1975:359 [literature compilation],—Eigenmann, 1907b:768 [lateral-line scale count]; 1910:424 [in listing of South American fishes; in part, not listing of species as occurring in Guianas]; 1912:20 [Rio Branco],—Eigenmann and Ogle, 1907:5 [Bolivia],—Pellegrin, 1909b:153 [in part, not specimen from French Guiana],—Magalhaes, 1931:241 [common name],—Eigenmann and Allen, 1942:46 [Peru, lower Río Marañon basin],—Lowe-McConnell, 1964:119 [Guyana, Rupununi Savanna].—Kastberger, 1978:54 [sound production]

Salmo jaraqui Kner, 1859:148 [name in discussion of Prochilodus binotalus].

Prochilodus theraponura Fowler, 1906:313, fig. 14 [type locality: Ambiyacu River Equador (=Peru, Loreto, Río Ampiyacu, near Pebas (Pevas)); species provisionally separated from P. insignis]; 1940a:260 [Peru, Río Ucayali basin, Contamana]; 1945:122 [Peru]; 1950:225 [literature compilation]; 1975: 360 [literature compilation].—Eigenmann, 1907b:768 [cited as probable synonym of Prochilodus insignis Jardine, 1841].—Pellegrin, 1909b:154 [as valid species].—Géry, 1977:218 [middle and upper Amazon],—Böhlke, 1984:148 [holotype despository].

Prochilodus amazonensis Fowler, 1906:316, fig. 15 [type locality: lower Amazons (=lower Rio Amazonas); cited as closely related to Prochilodus insignis]; 1911:497 [comparison with Prochilodus stigmaturus]; 1940a:260 [Peru, Río Ucayali basin, Boca Chica]; 1945:122 [Peru].—Eigenmann, 1907b:768 [cited as probable synonym of Prochilodus insignis Jardine, 1841],—Pellegrin, 1909a: 148 [Brazil: Santarém, Teffé (=Tefé), Tabatinga, Tonnantins]; 1909b:154 [Brazil: Santarém, Teffé (=Tefé), Tabatinga, Tonnantins].—Eigenmann and Allen, 1942:46 [Peru, lower Río Marañon basin],—Géry, 1972a:149, fig. 12 [predorsal procumbent spine],—Mago-Leccia, 1972:59 [as possible synonym of Prochilodus theraponura].

Prochilodus teraponura.—Fowler, 1911:497 [comparison with Prochilodus stigmaturus; species name incorrectly spelled].

Prochilodus binotacus [not of Jardine, 1841],—Magalhães, 1931:128 [unjustified emendation; common name].

Prochilodus theraponeura.—Eigenmann and Allen, 1942:46 [unjustified emendation of species name; Peru, lower Río Marañon basin].

Prochilodus amazonicus.—Eigenmann and Allen, 1942:48 [unjustified emendation of species name; Peru, lower Río Ucayali basin].

Semaprochilodus amazonensis.—Fowler, 1950:227 [literature compilation]; 1975:361 [literature compilation].—Mago-Leccia, 1972:58 [as synonym of S. theraponura].—Ortega and Vari, 1986:11 [Peru; common name].—Castro, 1988:504 [comparison with Semaprochilodus varii].

Semaprochilodus insignis.—Mago-Leccia, 1972:58 [as recognized species of Semaprochilodus].—Roberts, 1973b:214 [nocturnal spawning].—Goulding, 1980:244 [feeding habits].—Smith, 1981:12 [spawning season].—Lowe-McConnell, 1984:143 [economic importance].—Nomura, 1984:58 [Brazil, common name].—Araújo-Lima, 1985:423 [larval development].—Ribeiro, 1985: 419 [interbreeding with Semaprochilodus taeniurus].—Feldberg et al., 1986:1 [cytogenetics].—Araújo-Lima and Hardy, 1987:127 [ontogenetic changes in food habits].—Stewart et al., 1987:23 [Ecuador, Río Napo].—Bayley, 1988:131, table 2 [growth rates].—Castro, 1988:503 [literature citations of the species for Guiana indicated as misidentifications].—Petrere, 1989:5 [economic importance at Manaus, Brazil, fish market].—Vazzoler et al., 1989:165 [Brazil, Rio Negro basin; reproductive biology].—Vazzoler et al., 1989:175 [Brazil, Rio Negro; spawning periods].—Ribeiro and Petrere, 1990:195 [fisheries ecology and management].—Vazzoler and Amadio, 1990:537 [schooling behavior and structure].—Menezes and Vazzoler, 1992: 64 [reproductive characteristics].—Araújo-Lima, 1994:44 [egg size and development].—Ferreira et al., 1998:41, fig. 16 [Brazil, Amazonas, region of Santarém; economic importance in fishery].—Saint-Paul et al., 2000:239, 242 [Brazil, Amazonas, Rio Negro, Lago do Prato; abundance, occurrence in black waters].—Sánchez-Botero and Araújo-Lima, 2001:441 [Brazil, Manaus region; occurrence in aquatic macrophytes].—Wallace, 2002:258, fig, 98 [Javita (= Yavita), sources of Orinoko (= Orinoco)].

Semaprochilodus theraponura.—Mago-Leccia, 1972:58, as synonym of Semaprochilodus amazonensis (Fowler, 1906).—Goulding, 1981:39 [migration in Brazil, Rio Madeira].—Junk et al., 1983:406, table 3 [Brazil, Amazon; ecology].—Ferreira, 1984:355 [Brazil, Santarém].—Géry and Mahnert, 1984:172 [as possible senior synonym of Semaprochilodus kneri].—Lowe-McConnell, 1984:143 [economic importance].—Ortega and Vari, 1986:11 [Peru, Amazon basin; common name].

Semaprochilodus sp.—Géry and Mahnert, 1984:173, fig. 1 [Peru, Río Mazan].

Semaprochilodus brama [not of Valenciennes, 1850].—Nomura, 1984:58 [Brazil, common name].

Semaprochilodus insignis x Semaprochilodus taeniurus.—Ribeiro, 1985:419 [report on interspecific hybrid in central Amazon].

Semaprochilodus teraponura.—Castro, 1988:504 [compared with Semaprochilodus varii, species name misspelled].

DIAGNOSIS.—Semaprochilodus insignis can be distinguished from S. brama, S. laticeps, and S. varii in its lack of the intensely darkly pigmented membranous opercle and exposed surface of the pectoral girdle found in those species and in having 39 to 41 vertebrae contrary to the range of 35 to 37 vertebrate found in those three species in combination. Semaprochilodus insignis differs, in turn, from S. taeniurus in the number of scales along the lateral line (47 to 53 versus 64 to 77, respectively), the number of horizontal rows of scales between the dorsal-fin origin and the lateral line (9 to 11 versus 12 to 14), and the number of horizontal rows of scales between the pelvic-fin insertion and the lateral line (9 to 11 versus 12 to 14, respectively). Finally, Semaprochilodus insignis of the Rio Amazonas system differs from S. kneri, which is endemic to the Río Orinoco basin, in the number of horizontal rows of scales between the anal-fin origin and the lateral line (7 to 9, 8 most frequent, versus 6 or 7, 6 most frequent, and 7 in only 21% of the 38 specimens examined for this feature, respectively; Figure 63), the number of horizontal scale rows from the dorsal-fin origin to the lateral line (9 to 11, 10 most frequent and 9 in 16% of the 150 specimens examined for this feature, versus 8 or 9, 8 most frequent and 9 in only 21.0% of the 38 specimens examined for this feature, respectively; Figure 64), the number of horizontal rows of scales between the pelvic-fin insertion and the lateral line (9 to 11, 10 most frequent and 9 in 23.5% of specimens examined for this feature, versus 7 to 9, with 8 most frequent and 9 in only 5.3% of specimens examined for this feature, respectively; Figure 65), the range and mode of the number of lateral-line scales (47 to 53, 48 most frequent and 49 frequent, versus 45 to 49, 47 most frequent and 48 and 49 in only 18.9% of specimens examined for this feature, respectively; Figure 66), and the form of the vertically expanded articular surface of the uncinate process of the second epibranchial (continuous versus subdivided, respectively).

DESCRIPTION.—Morphometric and meristic data for Semaprochilodus insignis presented in Table 19. Body moderately high and compressed laterally. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head slightly concave. Predorsal profile of body moderately convex. Body profile posteroventrally inclined along dorsal-fin base and ranging from slightly convex to straight from rear of dorsal-fin base to adipose fin and concave along caudal peduncle. Predorsal portion of body with slight predorsal median ridge. Postdorsal portion of body transversely rounded. Ventral profile of body moderately convex from tip of lower jaw to posterior of anal-fin base. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle concave. Prepelvic region transversely flattened proximate to pelvic-fin insertion. Distinct median keel present between pelvic-fin insertion and anus.

Head profile pointed. Mouth terminal. Snout length greater than horizontal width of eye. Nares of each side of head close together; anterior nares circular, posterior nares crescent shaped. Adipose eyelid present, but poorly developed; development greatest anteriorly, but with major portion of eye uncovered. Lips fleshy, less developed than in Ichthyoelephas and Prochilodus species, but forming oral disk when mouth protracted.

Functional teeth in two rows in each jaw. All teeth movably implanted in flesh that overlies jaws. All teeth of similar size, with exposed portion spoon shaped except when worn down. Inner tooth series in each jaw with 10 to 16 teeth on left side of upper jaw and 6 to 11 teeth on left side of lower jaw. Outer row of teeth in each jaw with approximately 60 to 90 teeth on each side of upper jaw and approximately 56 to 73 teeth on each side of lower jaw in examined type specimens. Upper and lower lips bordered by numerous globular, fleshy papillae.

Scales cycloid. Scales in middorsal series between posterior of dorsal-fin base and adipose-fin origin similar in form to those of adjoining portions of body, but with spatulate, well-developed membranous process along posterior border of each scale in that series. Lateral line with 47 to 53 (36.1% of specimens with 48) pored scales; 9 to 11 (75.7% of specimens with 10) horizontal rows of scales between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line; 9 to 11 (60.9% of specimens with 10) horizontal rows of scales between pelvic-fin insertion and lateral line; 7 to 9 (53.6% of specimens with 8) horizontal rows of scales between anal-fin origin and lateral line; 11 to 15 (45.8% of specimens with 13) median predorsal scales; 13 to 19 (42.4% of specimens with 15) scales in middorsal series between posterior of dorsal-fin base and adipose-fin origin; 18 to 22 (83.8% of specimens with 20) horizontal rows of scales around caudal peduncle.

Vertebrae 39 to 41 (47.8% of specimens with 40 and 41 vertebrae) (38 vertebrae reported by Jardine (1841) in original description; see “Remarks”).

Dorsal fin preceded by small, but well-developed, anteroventrally bifurcate, procumbent spine somewhat triangular in lateral view. Dorsal-fin rays (including procumbent spine) iii,9 or 10 (iii,10 most frequent) (9 rays reported by Jardine (1841) in original description, a count that presumably included branched and unbranched rays); anal-fin rays iii,7 to 9 (iii,8 most frequent) (9 rays reported by Jardine (1841) in original description, a count that presumably included branched and unbranched rays); pectoral-fin rays i,12 to 16 (i,15 most frequent) (14 rays reported by Jardine (1841) in original description, a count that presumably included branched and unbranched rays); pelvic-fin rays i,7 or 8 (i,8 most frequent) (8 rays reported by Jardine (1841) in original description); principal caudal-fin rays 10/9.

Dorsal fin distally pointed; posterior unbranched and anterior branched rays longest and subequal; dorsal-fin origin closer to tip of snout than to caudal-fin base. Greatest length of adipose fin approximately equal to three-fourths of horizontal width of orbit; adipose-fin origin located along vertical that passes though mid-length of anal-fin base. Pectoral fin pointed distally. Tip of adpressed fin extending posteriorly to, or almost to, pelvic-in origin. Pelvic fin falcate. Pelvic-fin insertion located along vertical that passes through anterior one-third of dorsal-fin base. Tip of adpressed pelvic fin extending posteriorly approximately two-thirds of distance between pelvic-fin insertion and anus. Axillary scale present, length of scale approximately one-third of pelvic-fin length. Posterior unbranched and anterior branched anal-fin rays longest and subequal. Caudal fin moderately bifurcate.

COLORATION IN ALCOHOL.—Ground coloration yellowish gold, with dorsal portions of head and body darker. Lateral surface of body with approximately 7 to 12 dark, wavy, horizontal stripes along dorsal and ventral margins of exposed portions of scales. Approximately 4 to 7 wavy stripes dorsal to, and 2 to 7 wavy stripes ventral to, lateral line; stripes somewhat irregular on caudal peduncle. Diffuse fields of brown chromatophores on membranous portion of rear of opercle and on exposed lateral portion of pectoral girdle.

Dorsal fin with 3 to 6 (most frequently 3) dark, irregular stripes beginning on anterior margin of fin and extending across fin approximately parallel to base of fin. Adipose fin with posterodorsal border darkened. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline. Ground pigmentation of anal fin mostly hyaline, but with fields of dark chromatophores forming 1 to 5 (most frequently 3) irregular dark stripes; anterior stripes parallel. Anal-fin stripes occasionally absent. Caudal fin with 4 to 14 (most frequently 7) dark stripes; one horizontal stripe overlying median caudal-fin rays; 2 to 7 (most frequently 3) oblique stripes on upper lobe of caudal fin and 2 to 7 (most frequently 4) oblique stripes on inferior lobe. Iris yellowish golden, with darker diffuse areas on dorsal and ventral portions.

COLORATION IN LIFE.—(Based upon color transparency by the first author of a recently collected adult specimen from Lago Janauacá, along the Rio Solimões, in the central portion of the Amazon basin). Dark pigmentation as described above. Ground coloration silvery. Dorsal portion of head and body, particularly head, darker. All fins notably yellow, with intensity of pigmentation somewhat less developed on pectoral and pelvic fins and with those fins, particularly pelvic fins, reddish along borders and on distal portions. Iris golden brown. Coloration of recently collected specimen illustrated by Ferreira et al. (1988, fig. 41).

DISTRIBUTION.—Semaprochilodus insignis occurs in the central portions of the Rio Amazonas system and most of its major black- and white-water tributaries, including the Rio Negro, Rio Branco, Rio Madeira, Rio Tapajós, Rio Purus, Rio Içá, and the Río Napo, Río Marañon, and Río Ucayali (Figure 61, stars). Within the Amazon basin, S. insignis is strikingly absent in the clear-water Rio Xingú and Rio Tocantins basins (Ziesler and Ardizzone, 1979), which are inhabited by S. brama—a species apparently endemic to those river systems.

COMMON NAME.—Jaraqui, jaraqui-da-escama-grossa (Brazil) and yhuarachi (Peru).

COMPARISONS.—Semaprochilodus insignis differs unequivocally from all congeners except S. kneri in various meristic and/or pigmentary features. Those two nominal species differ in the ranges and modes of various features (see “Diagnosis,” above) and have totally allopatric distributions in the Rio Amazonas and Río Orinoco basins, respectively; consequently, they are considered to be distinct species herein.

BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES.—Ribeiro and Petrere (1990) provided a summary of the life history and fishery for Semaprochilodus insignis in the central portions of the Amazon basin. In that region, this species and S. taenurius, together identified under the common name of jaraquis, “dominate 90 percent of the commercial fisheries” (Ribeiro and Petrere, 1990:208).

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—610 specimens (114, 22.0–305.3 mm SL; partial meristic data taken on additional 43 specimens).

BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manaus (3°06′S, 60°00′W), BMNH 1913.7.25:2, 1 (1, 61.6); BMNH 1913.11.12:35–36, 2 (1, 42.654.3); BMNH 1929.11.18:8, 1 (1, 124.0); BMNH 1970.4.2:12, 1 (1, 61.6); CAS-SU 39294, 1 (1, 208.2); MZUSP 9578, 1 (191.2); USNM 119958, 7(7, 115.0–252.3); USNM 290151, 2 (2, 191.6–204.0). Rio Negro, Lago do Aleixo, MCZ 20100, 1 (276.0). Rio Negro, MCZ 799, 3 (1, 100.5–116.3); MCZ 20158, 7 (210.2–246.0). Rio Negro, Manaus (3°06′S, 60°00′W), MCZ 808, 1 (128.8); MZUSP 5867, 2 (29.1–30.9); MZUSP 6679, 13 (101.3–149.9). Rio Negro, opposite Manaus, NRM 24735, 1; NRM 24736, 1. Vicinity of Manaus, white-water river, NRM 16812, 1; NRM 24726, 3. Rio Amazonas, Manaus (3°06′S, 60°00′W), MCZ 20134, 4 (230.0–240.0). 1garapé Mauá, Manaus, MZUSP 4626–4628, 3 (108.2–139.4). Igarapé Tarumãzinho, N of Manaus (3°08′S, 60°00′W), MZUSP 6772, 1 (211.4). Lago Januari, near Manaus (3°12′S, 60°05′W), MZUSP 6871, 1 (121.3). Camaleãao, llha da Marchantaria (3°10′S, 59°45′W), USNM 229066, 2 (2, 69.4–74.0) [2R]. “Ressaca” on 1lha da Marchantaria (3°10′S, 59°45′W), USNM 290063, 4 (4, 60.0–67.7) [2R]; USNM 290067, 3 (3, 31.0–38.6). Beach of 1lha da Marchantaria (3°10′S, 59°45′W), USNM 290124, 190 (10, 24.3–78.0); USNM 290148, 3 (3, 61.0–117.3). Furo between Lago Murumuru and Paraná do Janauacá, USNM 290149, 8 (8, 63.0–87.0). Paraná do Janauacá, entrance to Lago do Castanho (3°28′S, 60°17′W), USNM 290064, 1(1, 41.0). Lago Murumuru, near “curral de gado do 1NPA,” Janauacá (3°28′S, 60°17′W), USNM 290065, 2 (2, 22.0–27.0); USNM 290066, 1 (1, 37.0); USNM 290123, 1 (1, 107.0) [IR], Lago Janauata and vicinity, Rio Solimões (approximately 3°28′S, 60°17′W), MZUSP 21700, 1 (118.3). Rio Amazonas, Parintins (2°36′S, 56°44′W), MCZ 20056, 1 (176.0); MCZ 20058, 4 (119.7–168.3); MCZ 20104, 1 (152.0); MCZ 20128, 3 (136.0–166.0); MCZ 20129, 15 (95.3–110.4) [3R]. Villa Bella (=Rio Amazonas at Parintins and environs), NRM 7071, 1. Rio Urubu, 25 mi [=45 km] from ltacoatiara (3°08′S, 58°25′W), USNM 179561, 2 (2, 102.0–163.0). Paraná do Janauari, MCZ 20064, 17 (118.8–137.7); MCZ 20066, 30 (112.1–153.3); MCZ 20157, 3 (127.0–151.0). Lago Terra Preta, Janauari, USNM 290062, 1 (1, 117.5) [1R]. Rio Solimóes, Tefé (3°24′S, 64°45′W), BMNH 1897.12.1:290, 1 (1, 128.9); MCZ 20051, 14 (1, 224.2–270); MCZ 20055, 1 (1, 99.4); MCZ 20103, 4 (145.0–168.0); MNHN 09.124–125, 2 (1, 91.5–123.5). Rio Solimóes, Manacapuru (3°06′S, 61°30′W), BMNH 1925.10.28:74, 1 (1, 213.2); MCZ 20147, 5 (95.7–119.1); USNM 162817, 1 (1, 123.0). Lago Jacaré, upriver of Manacapuru (approximately 3°06′S, 61°30′W), MZUSP 6455, 4 (138.0–144.3). Fonte Boa (2°03′S, 66°01′W), MCZ 20073, 1 (105.4); MCZ 20106, 1 (133.2). Igarapé Tomé, Auati-Paraná, NW of Fonte Boa (approximately 2°03′S, 66°01′W), MZUSP 20981, 1 (200.4). Itacoatiara, MCZ 20050, 3(114.3–131.1);MZUSP 13493–96, 4 (184.0–209.7). Lago Curçá, below Itacoatiara, MZUSP 13549–13550, 2 (302.5–305.3). Rio Tonantins, Tonantins (2°47′S, 67°47′W), MCZ 20067, 1 (125.0); MCZ 20069, 1 (127.6); MNHN 09.245–246, 2 (1, 106.3–107.2). Tabatinga (4°14′S, 69°44′W), MCZ 20084, 1 (126.4); MNHN 09.175, 1 (1, 120.0). Rio Madeira, Maués, MCZ 20075, 4 (232.0–260.0); USNM 119956, 1 (1, 235.2). Jatuarana, MCZ 20089, 4 (221.0–260.0); UMMZ 14552, 2 (1, 242.0–247.5). Mouth of Rio Pacia, MZUSP 21482, 2 (252.1–265.9). Codajás, MCZ 20153, 17 (109.6–119.9). Lago Saraçá, Silves, MCZ 20049, 5 (92.9–118.7). Rio Canumã (4°02′S, 59°04′W), MZUSP 7052, 15 (124.7–197.0). Lago Beruri, Rio Purus (3°52′S, 61°20′W), MZUSP 6000, 1 (1, 275.4). Rio Içá, border between Brazil and Bolívia (3°07′S, 67°58′W), MCZ 20113, 4 (111.3–116.4). Lago Coari, Coari (4°05′S, 63°08′W), MCZ 20062, 1 (1, 205.0). Pará: Lago Arari, MZUSP 3587, 24 (88.7–161.2). Rio Tapajós, MCZ 20163, 2 (171.0–172.0). Rio Tapajós, Santarém (2°26′S, 54°42′W), CAS 58890, 4 (4, 69.1–83.1); CAS 58894, 6 (6, 71.7–87.9) [3R]; CAS 58979, 1 (1, 63.4); CAS 58981, 1 (1, 79.5). Santarém (2°26′S, 54°42′W), BMNH 1856.3.25:17–18, 2 (1, 80.9–82.6); CAS 58884, 3 (3, 90.8–109.0) [3R]; MCZ 19824, 2 (69.4–70.6), MCZ 20080, 1 (95.4); MCZ 20124, 2 (112.0–133.0); MCZ 20227, 2 (100.9–110.7); MNHN 09.62–61, 2 (1, 200.2–203.9); USNM 119957, 3 (3, 200.0–224.4). Rio Maicá, Santarém (2°26′S, 54°42′W), MZUSP 9174, 10 (99.9–123.3). Lago Maicá, Santarém (2°26′S, 54°42′W), CAS 58983, 1 (1, 195.9). Rio Trombetas, Oriximiná (1°45′S, 55°32′W), MZUSP 8249, 1 (1, 124.2). Lago Jacupá, Oriximina (1°45′S, 55°32′W), MZUSP 5515, 8 (225.2–273.2). Lago Paru, Oriximiná (1°45′S, 55°32′W), MZUSP 5598, 1 (192.5). Lago Paranacuí, Oriximiná (1°45′S, 55°32′W), MZUSP 5577, 1 (292.1). Óbidos (1°52′S, 55°30′W), MCZ 20114, 1 (151.0); MCZ 20137, 3 (95.0–129.5); MCZ 20138, 2 (131.3–142.1). Porto de Mós, Rio Xingú, MCZ 20110, 2 (89.0–91.0). Porto Flexal, Rio Tapajós, MZUSP 25300, 2 (273.9–300.0). Lago Jacaré, Rio Trombetas, MZUSP 4620–4622, 3 (248.1–261.4). Lago Grande, CAS 58984, 1 (1, 148.6). Rondônia Praia de Paraíso, Rio Machado (approximately 8°30′S, 62°30′W), MZUSP 14016, 6 (191 4–220.5). Roraima: Paraná Marará, Rio Branco, MZUSP 29256, 1 (1, 220.3) [1R]; MZUSP 29260, 1 (215.6) [1R]. Inexact Locality: Amazonas and Pará, MZUSP 3298, 1 (1, 136.7); MZUSP 21422, 4 (99.4-124.1); MZUSP 21423, 4 (107.5–144 1).

COLOMBIA. Amazonas: Río Amazonas, Leticia (4°09′S, 69°57′W), ANSP 135997, 1 (1, 71.0); UMMZ 191062, 1 (1, 163.8).

ECUADOR. Napo: Laguna Jatuncocha (1°00′S, 75°27′W), Rio Napo, FMNH 97294, 1 (1, 273.4) [1R].

GUYANA. Essequibo: Rupununi River, Pirara Creek, BMNH 1972.7.27:427, 1 (1, 265.8).

PERU. Loreto: Río Nanay, upriver of Cocha Marona, near Iquitos (approximately 3°46′S, 73°15′W), ANSP 137798, 1 (1, 94.7); ANSP 137799, 1 (1, 95.6). Río Nanay, approximately 20 km upriver of its mouth (3°51′S, 73°15′W), USNM 280655, 1 (1, 85.1). Small “caño” tributary to Río Nanay, NE of Iquitos (3°49′S, 73°11′W), USNM 280654, 1 (1, 85.4). Río Nanay basin, Quebrada Sushuna, on road between Quistacocha and Puerto Almendra, 16 km from Iquitors, NRM 30712, 7. Río Nanay basin, Bella Vista, Vieja Cocha, NRM 30706, 2. Río Itaya, pools near Tocón Grande at km 33 on road between Iquitos and Nauta, NRM 30680, 3. Río Itaya basin, Quedbrada Pintoyacu, where crossed by road between Iquitos and Nauta, NRM 30705, 2. Caño Moena, Iquitos (approximately 3°46′S, 73°15′W), MZUSP 15227, 2 (54.1–55.3); MZUSP 15228, 1 (1, 53.9). Río Ampiyacu, near Pebas (Pevas, 3°20′S, 71°49′W), ANSP 8033, 1 (1, 42.6, holotype of Prochilodus theraponura) [1R]; CAS-SU 36625, 1 (66.2). Río Ampiyacu (3°20′S, 71°49′W), USNM 175856, 1 (1, 179.0). Caño Shansho (near Pebas, approximately 3°20′S, 71°49′W), CAS-SU 60518, 1 (70.9). Caño Pevas (3°20′S, 71°49′W), USNM 175853, 1 (1, 91.7). Caño Tuyé, CAS-SU 59440, 1 (1, 89.8) [1R]; USNM 175854, 1 (1, 101.2). Cocha Tuyé, CAS-SU 36624, 1 (1, 74.6); CAS-SU 60736, 1 (1, 72.4) [1R]; USNM 175855, 2 (2, 99.5–109.7). Mouth of Río Samiria, BMNH 1977.3.10:174, 1 (1, 137.1) [1R]. Contamana, Río Ucayali (7°02′S, 74°14′W), ANSP 86873, 1 (1, 93.8). Boca Chica, Río Ucayali basin, ANSP 73183, 3 (3, 72.0–91.2). Río Napo basin, Cayapoza, NRM 30686, 1. Inexact Locality: Lower portion of Río Amazonas basin, ANSP 21350, 1 (1, 89.5, holotype of Prochilodus amazonensis) [1R].
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bibliographic citation
Castro, Ricardo M. C. and Vari, Richard P. 2004. "Detritivores of the South American fish family Prochilodontidae (Teleostei:Ostariophysi:Characiformes) : a phylogenetic and revisionary study." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-189. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.622

Semaprochilodus insignis

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The kissing prochilodus or flag-tailed prochilodus (Semaprochilodus insignis) is a species of South American freshwater fish in the family Prochilodontidae. It is native to central and western parts of the Amazon basin.[1] It is migratory, moving in large groups into whitewater rivers to spawn, afterwards returning to blackwater and clearwater rivers, as well as flooded forests.[2][3] It is important in fisheries[3] and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade, but require a relatively large tank.[2] It can reach a maximum standard length of 27.5 cm (10.8 in) and weight of 560 g (1.23 lb).[1] It resembles the other members of the genus Semaprochilodus, where most species are silvery with orange-red fins and a striped tail.[4] Adult S. insignis lack the dark flank spots that can be seen in adult S. taeniurus, but both species have these spots as juveniles.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2017). "Semaprochilodus insignis" in FishBase. March 2017 version.
  2. ^ a b c SeriouslyFish: Semaprochilodus insignis. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  3. ^ a b Lambert de Brito Ribeiro, M.; and M. Petrere Junior (1990). Fisheries ecology and management of the Jaraqui (Semaprochilodus taeniurus, S. insignis) in central Amazonia. River Research and Applications 5(3): 195–215.
  4. ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2017). Species of Semaprochilodus in FishBase. March 2017 version.
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Semaprochilodus insignis: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The kissing prochilodus or flag-tailed prochilodus (Semaprochilodus insignis) is a species of South American freshwater fish in the family Prochilodontidae. It is native to central and western parts of the Amazon basin. It is migratory, moving in large groups into whitewater rivers to spawn, afterwards returning to blackwater and clearwater rivers, as well as flooded forests. It is important in fisheries and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade, but require a relatively large tank. It can reach a maximum standard length of 27.5 cm (10.8 in) and weight of 560 g (1.23 lb). It resembles the other members of the genus Semaprochilodus, where most species are silvery with orange-red fins and a striped tail. Adult S. insignis lack the dark flank spots that can be seen in adult S. taeniurus, but both species have these spots as juveniles.

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